秦对新征服地的特殊统治政策——以“新地吏”的选用为例

Special Ruling Policies of Qin towards Newly Conquered Lands——Taking Selecting “New Land Officers” for Instance

从出土的简牍材料可见,秦时已经形成较为系统的学吏制度、官吏的任免与监督制度。但在秦的官方行政文书及法律条文中,有不少将曾因某些不法行为而被免职或废黜的官吏任用为"新地吏"的记载。秦将犯有过失的故秦吏选用为"新地吏",与秦在扩张过程中的行戍制度有关。这种做法实际是让犯有过失的故秦吏以官吏身份到更偏远的"新地"行戍,戍期最多为四年,期满后免官返回原籍。虽然这种做法与秦严苛的吏治精神有所抵牾,但却是在秦统一初期针对"新地"官吏缺乏及统治不稳的特殊情况下而采取的变通做法。

According to Bamboo Slips,in Qin dynasty,there is a mature system of school officials,a system of appointing and dismissing officials and a supervision system. However, in Qin’s official administrative document and laws,many officers who had once been dismissed for lawless behavior were reinstated as“new land officers”. This situation is caused by Qin’s shifting garrison system. In fact,the Qin government send those reinstated officers to remote new lands for garrison,which generally takes two to four years. These“new land officers”will later be dismissed again and return to origin places. The reason of such a special selecting system of officers is the lack of officers in new lands and Qin’s unstable ruling order.