试论道家道教生态思想文化

On Taoist Ecological Thoughts and Culture

道家道教生态思想文化主要包括如下方面:(1)"道生万物"的生态存在论。道家道教以道为天地万物的根源,揭示了天地人万物的同根同源,其中蕴含了天地人万物的一体性和平等性观念;道家道教在其发展过程中又形成阴阳五行的生成模式,阴阳五行模式以阴阳、三才、五行贯通起来阐释道生万物的过程,具体阐述了天地人万物的一体性、同构性。(2)"尊道贵德"的生态价值论。道家道教肯定道生化万物的价值,将人与自然万物天然的和谐状态视作理想生态状态,重视自然万物的兴旺发达;肯定人与万物自然本性的价值,认为自然万物皆有道性,具有与人相同的平等价值。(3)"清虚自守"的生态德性论。道家道教在"道法自然"思想基础上,倡导"顺应自然"的实践法则,在自身修行实践中,突出清静、恬淡、素朴等德性的修养,道家道教德性修养具有多方面的生态价值。(4)敬天爱地、戒杀护生的生态实践观。道教从"天父地母"观念出发,提出敬天爱地、顺应天地观念,谴责肆意凿井、修建屋宇和陵墓等破坏大地的行为;又从"好生恶杀"观念出发,倡导戒杀护生,道教戒杀护生观念在道教戒律、科仪、善书等中均有体现。

Taoist ecological thoughts and culture mainly include the following aspects.First,the ecological ontologyof“the Tao begetting all things of the world”.Taoism views the Tao as the root of all things of the world revealing that human share the same root with all things,which contains the ideas of the integration and equality of all things.In the development process,Taoism formed its generative theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements,which elucidatesthe process of“the Tao begetting all things”with notions of Yin-Yang,Three Materials and Five Elements,andelaborates concretely the integration and isomorphism of all things.Second,the ecological value theory of“valuingmorals”.Taoism affirms the value of“the Tao begetting all things”,and views the harmony between human andnature as the ideal ecological condition.Thus,it attaches great importance to the prosperity of all things withrecognition of the value of human and all things.It holds that all things have their Taoist nature,and like humanbeings,all things have the equal value.Third,the ecological moral theory of“peace and quiet and selfcontrolled”.Based on the mentality of“Taoism following nature”,Taoist advocates the“natural”rule of practice,givesprominence to moral cultivation,such as quietness,tranquility and plainness,which has profound ecological values.Fourth,the ecological practice viewpoint of“ahimsa,revering the nature,loving and protecting all things on earth”.Beginning from the concept of“heaven as father and earth as mother”,Taoism puts forward the thoughts of reveringand conforming to the nature,denounces the behaviors doing harm to the earth,such as willfully sinking,buildinghouses and mausoleums.Beginning from the concept of“respecting live and disgusting killing”,Taoism advocatesahimsa and protecting life,which is embodied concretely in Taoist disciplines,religious rites and morality books etc..