气候变暖对马铃薯生长发育及产量影响研究进展与展望

Progress and Prospect of Research on the Impact of Climate Warming on Potato Growth and Yield

以全球平均地表温度升髙和区域降水波动为特征的全球气候变暖给农业和粮食安全带来严峻挑战。气候变暖对农业的影响已引起了各国政要、相关领域的科学家以及社会各界的广泛关注。农作物生长发育进程、植物形态结构、生理生化过程等对全球气候变暖的响应特征及其机理研究,对认识气候变化对作物的影响及其过程特征机制具有重要意义,是应对全球变化,制定适应对策的重要科学基础。马铃薯是继水稻、小麦和玉米之后的第四大粮菜兼用型作物,文章总结回顾了国内外马铃薯生长发育、植物形态结构及块茎形成、水分利用效率、产量形成、品质变化、主要疫病发生发展等对气候变暖的响应特征及其机理,评述大气增温影响过程中马铃薯的适应性及其临界阈值,讨论了当前气候变暖对马铃薯影响研究中存在的问题。在此基础上,展望了该研究领域研究的前沿需要和有可能突破的关键科学问题:一是采用模拟试验研究手段更深入地了解地区增温和CO_2浓度增加的交互作用对马铃薯的影响;二是大气增温与CO_2浓度升高交互协同作用的强度、时段、持续性与马铃薯碳交换、水分生理生态、品质变化过程特征的关系,以及细胞和分子水平上的响应机制;三是进一步开展高温胁迫、水分胁迫以及CO_2浓度倍增等多种气候生态环境因子协同作用下马铃薯的生长发育可逆性极限。

Global climate warming characterized in mean earth surface temperature rise and regional rainfall wave brings a severe challenge to agriculture and food safety.The impact of climate warming on agriculture has attracted extensive attention from important governmental members of each country,scientists in related fields and organizations in the society.The research on the characteristics and mechanisms of response of crop growing progress,plant morphological structure,physiological and biochemical progress,etc to global climate warming is significant for understanding the impact of climate change on crops and the process characteristics and mechanisms,and it is an important scientific basis for treating against global change and making adaptive measures.Potato is the fourth major food and vegetable crop after paddy rice,wheat and maize.This paper summarizes the characteristics and mechanisms of potato growth,morphological structure,stem tuber,water utilization efficiency,yield formation,quality change,main disease and so on responding to climate change in and out of China,reviews the potato adaptability and critical threshold in climate warming,and discusses problems in the research on the impact of climate warming on potato.Based on the above mentioned,this paper makes an outlook on key scientific points which are necessary for front field research and likely broken through:the first is to further understand the interaction of regional warming and CO2concentration rising on potato by simulated experiment;the second is to analyze the correlation of intensity,time period and persistence of the interaction of warming and CO2concentration rising responding mechanism to the carbon exchange,water physiological ecology,and quality change process of potato,and the responding mechanism of cellular and molecular level;and the third is to study the reversibility limit in potato growing under various climate ecological factors including high temperature threat,water threat and CO2concentration multiplication,etc.