作为现代世俗生活的仪式与规范的契约——涂尔干“契约学说”释义

Contract as the ritual and norm of modern secular life—explanation for Durkheim's theory of contract

19世纪后期的西欧社会正处在"封建庄园—教会国家"向"自由市场—公民国家"的转型遽变期与道德间隙期。为了缓和彼时社会极度悲惨的状态,涂尔干尝试运用其"道德科学"提出一套重建社会的系统方案以引导转型的步伐,而契约则是其系统重建方案的骨架性要素。通过对契约的社会史演变历程的梳理,涂尔干力图证明契约的"道德"本质始终是社会规范经济行为的载体,其神圣性(正当性)、约束力与规范都源自所在社会的集体意识。而在以深度分工为主要组织形式的新社会中,契约必然成为基础性的社会团结机制,并以人的价值、尊严、权利为原则与底线规范经济领域的行为,从而为资本(财产的现代形式)的流动确立规则与限度,促成经济生活的组织化与规范化。。

The west Europe was being in a period of drastic social transition and moral hiatus in the later stage of19th century.In order to appease the extremely miserable state,Durkheim tried to propose a systematic project for social reconstruction to guide the transition from the view of“science of morality”.By studying the social-historical evolution of contract,Durkheim tried to interpret the moral essence of contract as a carrier to regulate the economicacts,and its divinity(right),sanction and norm all came from the established collective consciousness.In the new society with deep labor division as its main organizational form,contract must be the fundamental mechanism of social solidarity,and regulate economic acts with human values,dignity,and rights as its principle and base.By establishing the rule and limit for the capital,contract can promote the organization and normalization of economic life..