尼日利亚“油气寄生型”反政府武装探析

An Analysis of the Problem of Oil-gas Based Rebels in Nigeria

在尼日尔河三角洲地区,尼日利亚"油气寄生型"反政府武装的产生有着特定的社会经济背景。油气产区的经济矛盾、族际矛盾、代际矛盾相互交织,引发政府、公司与当地民众间的复杂冲突关系,而和平抗争的失败最终使民众选择以武装斗争的方式争取自身的利益。从2004年最早出现的"尼日尔三角洲人民志愿军"到"尼日尔三角洲解放运动",这一地区的"油气寄生型"反政府武装活动持续至今。油气资源开发活动不仅影响了这些反政府武装的活动方式、资金来源、人员构成、组织架构,而且塑造了它们的理念诉求。它们对资源的占有既成为这类反政府武装斗争的手段,也成为其斗争的目的。资源提供了"油气寄生型"反政府武装活动的内在张力,同时也决定了其影响限度。"油气寄生型"反政府武装对跨国油气公司、三角洲当地社区乃至尼日利亚政治、经济的发展都造成了不同程度的影响,并冲击了该国与外部世界的关系。"油气寄生型"反政府武装也威胁到中国的海外利益。中国应尽早确立"长期跟踪研究、事前预警、事后高效应对"的主动防范模式,化解相应的挑战。

The background of the emergence of oil-gas based rebels in Niger Delta is unique.The economic,inter ethnic and inter generational contradictions in Niger Delta led to the conflict between government,oil companies and the local people.And the failure of the peaceful struggle finally forced local people to choose the way of armed struggle.From the Niger Delta People,s Volunteer Force to the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta,the oil-gas based rebels in this region have been active since2004till now.Oil and gas exploitation not only affects the way of activities,the source of funds,the personnel composition,the organizational structure of those rebels,but also shapes their ideas and aspirations.The control of resources not only becomes the means of struggle,but becomes the purpose.Resources provide the motive power to the oil-gas based rebels,and determine the extent of their impact.The oil-gas based rebels cause varying degrees of impact to international oil and gas companies,Niger Delta communities,Nigeria,s political,economic development,and its diplomatic relations.Those oil-gas based rebels have been threatening China,s overseas interests.Chinese government and companies should establish an active prevention mode of long-term follow-up research,advance warning,and efficient response to dissolve the challenges of oil-gas based rebels.