地位焦虑和历史压抑——日本在与邻国岛屿争端中的政策差异及其影响因素

Status Anxiety and Historical Oppression:Policy Differences in Japan's Policies to Disputed Islands and Related Implications

日本与中国、韩国和俄罗斯分别在钓鱼岛、独岛和南千岛群岛的主权归属上存在争议。近年来,日本在应对这三组岛屿争端时,政策的强硬程度明显不同。这种差别主要源自日本对岛屿争端对象国持有不同的情感动机,而岛屿争端不过是其宣泄或表达这些情感的一个出发口。根据来源的差别,这种情感动机可以区分为两种——地位焦虑和历史压抑。前者是指日本基于与岛屿争端对象国在现实层面的地位比较所产生的焦虑情绪,而后者源自日本与争端对象国围绕历史问题所产生的复杂纠葛。面对不同的岛屿争端对象国,日本体验到的地位焦虑和历史压抑强度有所不同。就地位焦虑而言,日本近年来对中国的焦虑程度较高并不断上升,而对于韩国和俄罗斯的地位焦虑程度较低,由高到低依次为对中、对俄和对韩;就历史压抑而言,日本对中国和韩国的压抑程度较高且有所上升,而对俄罗斯程度较低,由高到低依次为对中、对韩、对俄。由于日本面对不同的岛屿争端国所具有的情感状态有明显不同,导致其在处理与这些对象国的岛屿争端时的政策明显不同:日本在钓鱼岛、独岛和南千岛群岛问题上的政策反应激烈程度从高到低次第降低。明晰日本在与邻国岛屿争端中的情感动机,有助于把握日本岛屿争端政策的变化及其发展前景,并对学术界从理论上初步明晰情感在岛屿争端中的作用有所裨益。

Japan has disputes with China,South Korea and Russia over the Diaoyu Islands,the Dokdo Islands,and the Southern Kuril Islands respectively.In recent years,Japan's handling each of these disputes has varied clearly with respect to the hardness/softness of its approach.This variance can largely be explained by Japan's emotions towards each of the respective parties it faces in the disputes,with the disputes serving as an outlet for Japan to vent or express these emotions.These emotions can be classified into two types:status anxiety and historical oppression.The first refers to the emotional anxieties that Japan feels vis-à-vis its relative position with respect to the state power of the other claimant states;the second is rooted in the complex historical issues that Japan faces vis-à-vis the other claimant states.The level of status anxiety and historical oppression that Japan feels with respect to China,Korea and Russia these three claimant states it faces vary in degree.With respect to status anxiety,in recent years Japan has seen a rapid rise in the degree of anxiety towards China,while such concerns are much less with respect to Korea or Russia.Ranking the three from high to low,Japan feels the strongest anxiety regarding China,with Russia second,and Korea third.As for historical oppression,Japan feels stronger sentiments of oppression vis-à-vis China and Korea thantowards Russia,or ranking the three in order from highest to lowest:China,Korea,and Russia.It is the difference in the state of Japan's emotions which leads to Japanese different policies towards different claimant states.The intensity of Japan's policies towards each of the islands can be ranked from high to low as follows:Diaoyu Islands,Dokdo Islands,and then the Southern Kuril Islands.Understanding the role that emotions play in terms of Japan's policies towards territorial disputes with its neighbors is useful for predicting Japanese policies towards different islands disputes.At the same time,it is also very beneficial to illustrate the role that emotions play in territorial disputes from a theoretical perspective.