为什么“污染者付费原则”在农村难以执行?--南平养猪污染第三方治理中养猪户付费行为研究

Why polluter-pays principle is difficult to implement in rural areas?——A case study of pig-farmer paying behavior under the third party governance of pig-farming pollution in Nanping

在养殖污染第三方治理中,污染者及时交纳污染处理费既是"污染者付费原则"的要求,也是第三方治理持续运转的关键。但实践中存在养猪户不及时交纳污染治理费的现象,为探究其原因,本文对福建省南平市炉下镇7个村117个养猪户的第三方治理费用支付行为进行调查,应用logistic回归模型分析影响支付行为的关键因素,并探讨"污染者付费原则"在农村难以执行的原因。结果表明:(1)"污染者付费原则"在农村养殖污染第三方治理中难以执行,养猪户缴费比例较低,严重影响了第三方治理的正常运转。虽然73.50%的养猪户认为应该交费,但只有61.54%的养猪户交纳了治理费。其主要原因是农户以自身对生活环境要求作为判断依据,忽视本地养殖行为所产生的环境负外部性;养猪户没有真正理解"污染者付费原则"的内涵和要求;农村熟人社会中从众、攀比和法不责众心理;养猪户对第三治理成效的感知与其预期相差较大;基层政府缺乏落实"污染者付费原则"的手段和机制。(2)生产经营特征、家庭特征、个人特征对养猪户交费行为产生显著影响,影响程度依次为:经营类型>平均受教育程度>户主年龄>养殖资金的外来比例>养殖场面积>养殖净收入。(3)由于个体的外部因素差异不大,对养猪户交费行为影响不显著。因而,需要增强养猪户环保意识和责任意识,促进养殖业的规模化和企业化经营,加强培育新型职业农民,建立并严格执行"污染者付费"的基层落实机制,进而促进养殖污染第三方治理和养殖业的持续发展。

In recent years,livestock breeding industry has significantly contributed to the development of rural areas,servingas the main industry of rural economy.But it also induces severe environmental pollution in rural areas for a long time.Dust,harmful gases and sewage produced in livestock breeding have not only affected the survival rate of livestock and poultry,butalso endangered the health quality of residents in the surrounding areas.The professional third party governance of wastes isone of the fast developing trends of pollution governance,in which polluter paying pollution fees in time is not only a requirementof“polluter-pays principle”,but also the key to the continuous operation of the third party governance system.However,in reality,many farmers fail to pay pollution fees in time.To ensure sustainable development of the third party governanceand re-vitalization of animal husbandry areas,this paper used logistic regression model to analyze the key factorsinfluencing payment behaviors of pig farmers in relation to individuals,family,production and business operations,and otherexternal factors.The paper investigated the payment behaviors of117pig farmers in7villages of Luxia Town,Nanping City,Fujian Province.The results showed that:(1)the late/none payment of pollution fee greatly affected the normal operations ofthe third party governance.Although73.50%of farmers believed that the fee should be paid,only61.54%actually paid it intime.The main reason for the none/late payment was the farmers’judgment of the environment,which ignored the negativeexternalities of pollution on environment in the downstream areas.Other reasons included the lack of full understanding of“polluter-pays principle”,effects of acquaintances in rural communities,public comparisons with other regions and the lack oflaw enforcement in punishing offenders.The performance of third-party governance was quite different from the expectationsof the farmers.Also local governments did not have the means and mechanisms to efficiently implement the“polluter-paysprinciple”.(2)The characteristics of production and management,and family and individuals had significant impacts on paymentbehaviors of farmers.The order of influence was operating type>education level of farmers>household head age>proportion of foreign capital>farming area>net income from breeding.(3)Due to small difference among external factors,their effect was not obvious,although the extent of effect was comparatively high.Therefore,enhancing environmentalawareness,making full use of rural social capital and social network,promoting large-scale industry and intensive and enterprisemanagement,strengthening development of new vocational farmers,improving effectiveness of assessment and informationdisclosure and setting up pricing mechanisms based on service levels were conducive for the implementation of the“polluterpays principle”.These measures were also good for the promotion of sustainable development of the third party governanceof pollution and the healthy development of livestock breeding.