18世纪末至20世纪初美国环境思想图绘

On American Environment Thoughts from Late 18th Century to Early 20th Century

18世纪末至20世纪初,是西方生态伦理学的酝酿期,其酝酿具体体现为环境思想的演绎。在主要孵化基地美国,环境思想的发展经历了三个阶段。第一阶段以杰斐逊的"农业天然道德论"和泰勒的"田园共和主义"为代表,带有浓厚的田园色彩。他们认为一个社会中从事农业生产的人口越多,道德风尚越淳朴,因而力主美国走农业兴国的道路。他们的观点符合多数美国人的价值理想,也在美国社会种下了环境保护思想朴素观念的种子。第二阶段以爱默生的《论自然》、梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》和马什的《人与自然》为代表,展现了环境浪漫主义到写实主义的过渡。爱默生在《论自然》中提出要重新认识自然,向人们发出了"到自然中去"的邀约;梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》以清新的文字记录了他对爱默生这一思想的实践和他关于简朴生活的思考;而马什的《人与自然》则以大量的史实为基础,分析人类活动对自然界造成的恶劣影响,并提出保护自然环境的具体方案。第三阶段以缪尔的自然保护主义和平肖的资源保护主义为代表,前者主张保护自然生态的完整性,后者强调对自然资源的科学利用和理性管理。缪尔和平肖共同引领了美国第一次环境保护运动。美国环境思想的三个发展阶段为西方生态伦理学的正式诞生奠定了思想基础。

After the incubation period from the end of18th century to the beginning of20th century,western ecological ethics has gone through three development stages in its birthplace,the United States.In the first stage,the representatives were Jefferson and Taylor,with strong pastoral colors.They believed that the more people were engaged in agricultural production,the simpler the society would become,and therefore,they strongly advocated prospering country through agricultural development.Their viewpoints,corresponding with the values of many Americans,spread the thoughts of ecological ethics.In the second stage,the transition from ecological romanticism to ecological realism,the representatives were Emerson,Thoreau and Marsh.Emerson called on people to go to and rediscover the nature.Thoreau recorded his practice of Emerson??s thought and his reflections on simple life in Walden.Based on a great deal of historical facts,Marsh analyzed the adverse effects of human activities on the nature and put forward specific plans to protect the natural environment.In the third stage,the representatives were Muir and Pinchot,who led the first environmental protection movement in the United States.Muir argued for the preservation of the integrity of the natural ecology,and Pinchot emphasized the scientific use and rational management of natural resources.These stages laid the ideological foundation for western ecological ethics.