当前我国高校创客教育实践的理性认识综述

Review on the Theoretical Thinking of Current Maker Education Practice in Chinese Universities

我国高校创客教育的实践路径有两个源头:一是新技术革命与新工业革命背景下,国际创客运动与全球教育改革互动助推了创客教育的发展,使之成为当前世界各国教育改革的一个重要取向;二是国内"大众创业、万众创新"持续蓬勃发展,深化高校创新创业教育改革成为推进高等教育综合改革的重要抓手和突破口,这将有力促进高等教育与科技、经济、社会紧密结合,加快培养规模宏大、富有创新精神、勇于投身实践的创新创业人才。祝智庭教授认为,广义上创客教育应是以培育大众创客精神为导向(Make Spirit-Aimed Education)的教育形态,狭义上的创客教育则应是一种以培养学习者创客素养为导向的教育模式。从现实看,创客教育是一种融合信息技术,秉承"开放创新、探究体验"教育理念,以"创造中学"为主要学习方式和以培养各类创新型人才为目的的新型教育模式,这一模式有利于创新驱动发展战略下社会对创新创业型人才的需求,因此具有广泛的适应性和实践性。在此背景下,国内高校通过优化资源、融合专业、面向创新、兼顾创业,系统开展创客教育,并且从体制机制、机构、模式、课程、教学等不同要素的创新与整合出发,构建了独具特色的、以创客发展为核心的创新创业教育体系。中国人民大学开展的创客教育是一种跨学科、综合性的复合型教育,强调创客精神培育、创客文化的积累,重视过程性的、发散性的培养实践;上海财经大学以创新创业核心素养为突破口,培育一流创新创业人才和青年创客;中南财经政法大学将创业教育培养目标纳入大学整体的人才培养目标之中,形成创业教育融入大学人才培养全过程的态势;宁夏大学从生态系统理论视角探索高校创客教育生态系统的构成要素及实践运行;黑龙江大学确立了"面向全体、基于专业、分类培养、强化实践、融入人才培养全过程"的"融入式"创新创业教育模式;山东理工大学强调创客教育促使受教育者实现由单纯的"知"进化为"知、行、创"的统一;温州大学积极探索高校创客空间建设新模式,构建"1+X"的分布式创客空间,系统推进面向全体学生、融入专业教育的创客教育教学体系;浙江科技学院构建了由"理念-路径-机制"组成的"343"创业教育体系;柳州职业技术学院以创客精神引领"素养·管理·创新"复合型技术技能人才的培养目标,构建了创新与创业教育并举、创业与就业相结合、贯穿人才培养全过程的教育体系。为充分展现我国高校创客教育实践的现状及理论思考,厘清我国高校创客教育实践的理论认识,助力中国高等教育教学改革的健康发展,高等院校的专家学者围绕"高校创客教育"这一主题进行梳理和思考,这些观点综述充分展示了不同高校独具特色的创客教育实践,同时体现了各高校在实践中的深刻认识。

The practice of maker education in Chinese universities,take place in such two contexts:International maker movement and global educational reform interacts to boost the development of maker education in the context of new technological revolution and new industrial revolution,which has led maker education to become an important orientation of current education reform in the world;“Nationwide entrepreneurship and innovation”in China continued to flourish,deepening the reform of innovative and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities becomes an important starting point and breakthrough in promoting the comprehensive reform of higher education,which effectively promotes the integration of higher education with the science and technology,the economy and the society,and at the same time speed up the large-scale cultivation of innovative and entrepreneurial talents with innovative spirit and willingness to practice.The maker education in Renmin University of China is an interdisciplinary,comprehensive and compound education,which emphasizes the accumulation of maker spirit and maker culture with a focus on procedural and divergent training practice;Shanghai University of Finance and Economics has nurtured first-class innovation and entrepreneurship talents and young makers,taking the core quality of innovation and entrepreneurship as a breakthrough point;Zhongnan University of Economics and Law has put the training goal of entrepreneurship education into the goal of training talents in the University,forming the trend in which entrepreneurship education is integrated into the whole process of university personnel training;Ningxia University explores the component elements and practical operation of maker education ecosystem of university from the perspective of ecosystem theory;Heilongjiang University has established the“integration”innovative business education model of“oriented to all,based on specialized subjects,classified training,strengthening practice and integrating into the whole process of personnel training”;Shandong University of Technology emphasizes that the maker education enables educators to realize the unity of“knowing,doing and creating”from pure“knowledge”;Wenzhou University actively explores the new model of maker space in colleges and universities,and constructs the“1+X”distributed maker space to promote the system of maker education integrated with professional education for all students;