《文献通考·经籍考》的分类调整及其学术意义——兼论马端临的思想立场

Classification Adjustments and their Academic Significances of Confucian Classics of Comprehensive Textual Research of Historical Documents : An Analysis of Ma Duanlin's Ideologies

马端临在《经籍考》辑录前代书目的过程中对其分类进行了调整。首先是分类体系中由分类项目的设置及其排列顺序、横向关系与纵向沿革造成的分类调整;其次是由分类者的主观视角与思想立场的差异以及人为过失造成的分类调整;再次是由书籍的内容及其真伪、地位变化造成的分类调整;最后是由时代学术思想空间的转移变化造成的分类调整。通过分析历代书目与学术史,特别是与古籍书目的集大成者《四库全书总目提要》相对照,《经籍考》的分类调整往往是承上启下的重要一环。马端临记录并论述了书籍的性质与特征、流传与真伪等方面,并基于朱子学的思想立场探讨了书籍的内容及其背后的学术思想,从而使得《经籍考》成为承担学术文化史任务的目录学巨著。

Ma Duanlin adjusted classifications when compiling catalogues of previous dynasties in the Confucian Classics.The adjustments included those resulting from classification item settings and their sequences,horizontal relationships and vertical evolutions,those caused by classifiers’subjective viewpoints and different ideologies as well as human errors,those due to book contents,their authenticity and changes of positions,and those resulting from alterations of academic ideas of times.An analysis of the bibliographies of successive dynasties and the academic histories,especially being compared with the Catalogue Summary of Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature,shows that the classification adjustments of the Confucian Classics played a pivotal role.Ma Duanlin wrote about and discussed properties of books,their characteristics,circulation and authenticity,and explored book contents as well as their academic thoughts by referring to Zhu Xi’s philosophy,hence making the Confucian Classics a great bibliographical work accomplishing academic,cultural historical missions.