18世纪来华传教士对中国古代修辞学的传播——以马若瑟《汉语札记》为例

The Spread of Ancient Chinese Rhetoric by Missionaries Coming to China in 18th Century:Taking Notitia Linguae Sinicae Written by Joseph de Prémare as an Example

在晚明耶稣来华会士中,最早向西方世界介绍中国古代汉语修辞学知识的是清初来华法国耶稣会士马若瑟。他1728年完成的代表作《汉语札记》是世界上首部同时论述汉语文言和白话的语法书,在西方汉语研究历史上影响深远;不仅如此,该书还第一次较为系统地梳理了古汉语的文体和修辞知识,在中国古代修辞学理论的西方传播史上具有不可忽视的开创性意义。《汉语札记》不受缚于西方古典修辞法,借鉴中国古代语文学研究成果,受南宋学者陈骙的影响,写作中也参考了陈骙的修辞学专著《文则》,对古汉语文体风格及修辞特点进行了论述、归纳和总结。

Based on the research on Chinese language ontology,the early missionary sinologists made profound exploration of ancient Chinese literatures and ancient books and records further,among which Joseph de Prémare,a French Jesuits who came to China in early Qing Dynasty as the first person introducing the knowledge of ancient Chinese rhetoric in China to Western world,was represented by his work Notitia Linguae Sinicae,the first grammar book discussing oral and written Chinese language parallelly completed in1728and having a profound influence in the history of Western Chinese language research;furthermore,this book,first reviewing knowledge of literary form and rhetoric of ancient Chinese language systematically,was of nonnegligible creative significance in the history of the communication of theory of ancient Chinese rhetoric to the West.Notitia Linguae Sinicae was not restrained by Western classical rhetoric,but used the research result of ancient Chinese philology and was even influenced by Chen Kui,a scholar in Southern Song Dynasty instead.Its writing also referred to The Rule of Rhetoric in Six Confucian Classics(Wenze),Chen Kui’s rhetoric monographs,and thus discussed,concluded and summarized the literary style and rhetorical feature of ancient Chinese language.