全球主要国家水合物探采计划与研究进展

A review on gas hydrate developments propped by worldwide national projects

随着世界上石油和常规天然气资源的消耗和减少,各国的研究人员正在致力于寻找新的替代能源,天然气水合物的发现、勘探、开发和利用为未来能源带来新的希望。由于天然气水合物具有重要的战略意义和巨大的经济价值,世界上许多发达国家和发展中国家都将其列入国家重点研发计划,美国、日本、印度、韩国、德国、挪威以及中国等均相继投入巨资进行海域天然气水合物调查甚至于开采试验。文章介绍了国际上主要国家天然气水合物勘探开发计划的历史和现状,重点阐述了国家层面的天然气水合物勘探开采计划、实施情况、资金投入以及战略研究,同时从整体角度,对天然气水合物现阶段关注的重点问题进行了阐述。按照各个国家的发展趋势和研究目标总结为3种类别:(1)美国,早期在研究机构和ODP航次支持下,积累了大量的地质实物资料,但由于受到页岩气工业革命等商业模式冲击,近期天然气水合物开采领域投资放缓,但仍然关注于理论和技术实践,并保持综合科学研究工作为主,待时机成熟后将再次注入国家预算资金;(2)中国、日本、印度、韩国,由于受到国内能源结构和储备的限制,对天然气水合物勘探开采持有非常积极的态度,国家资金投入丰厚,全部开展了多期次的近海的天然气水合物钻探工作,并且中国和日本近年在海域试开采领域突飞猛进,分别取得了重要性的阶段成果,极可能是未来世界上首批商业性开采的国家;(3)德国、挪威,作为传统的欧洲工业国家,利用雄厚的工业技术基础,在天然气水合物能源开采技术研究以及环境评估等方面另辟蹊径,着重关注于全球环境保护和二氧化碳置换甲烷技术,是天然气水合物研究领域的绿色保护者代表,可为后能源时代提供天然气水合物新的机遇。

With the consumption and decreasing of the worldwide resources of petroleum and natural gas,the exports from variouscountries are working hard to find a new kind of substitute energy.Undoubtedly,a new hope in the future is probably attributed tothe resource of gas hydrate following its discovery,exploration,development and utilization.For the significant strategies andeconomic benefits of gas hydrate,many developed countries and developing countries,such as United States,Japan,India,South Korea,Germany,Norway and China,have arranged it under the key national projects and invested enormous capital on the marinesurveys and exploitation tests.In this review,the authors concisely describe the histories and current situations of gas hydrate in themain countries,with the emphasis placed on the national projects with the exploration extents,development situations,nationalinvestments and strategic deployments for gas hydrate.The authors also discuss the current progresses with which experts are mostconcerned.The authors divide those countries into3types:(1)United States.It has accumulated huge geological data and materialsupported by research institutions and ODP explorations in the early stage,but recently it somewhat reduces the investments onsurveys and exploitation tests mainly because of the commercial success of shale gas revolution.In spite of such a situation,it stillhas great interest in theories and techniques of gas hydrate mainly focusing on the comprehensive subjects,and waits the opportunityto venture again once the market opportunity is ready.(2)China,Japan,India,South Korea.Due to the limits of domestic energystructures and preserve capacities,they hold an extremely active position on the development of gas hydrate with huge nationalinvestments on marine drilling expeditions.In particular,China and Japan have gained a great momentum in the marine exploitationtests,quite possibly being the first nations with full commercial operations.(3)Germany,Norway.As the traditional Europeanindustrial countries,they focus on improving gas hydrate exploitation techniques,for instance,the technology of CO2-CH4replacement,paying much attention on environmental assessment supported by their solid industrial technical groundwork.They arethe representatives of Greenpeace in the subject of gas hydrate and maybe provide a new opportunity in the later energy times forgas hydrate development.