如何设计面向整体任务的学习(下)

How to Design an Educational Program Based on Whole-task Learning( Ⅱ )

为了促进综合学习,教学设计应将重点放在设计一个真实或模拟的任务环境上,让学习者完成各类基于现实情境的学习任务。基于"四元教学设计模式",我们引入了"综合学习十步骤"贯穿于项目设计、开发和实施的全过程,其中涉及五大学习模块的内容。这些模块内容均与加拿大开发的"医学教育指导专家模型"中综合能力的要求相契合。另外,我们还引入了引导教育革新的模型,旨在应对实践挑战,预防不同用户之间合作产生的问题,试图解决从传统的、碎片化课堂教学到基于良好教学设计原则所开发的综合的混合式学习环境的转变问题。

To promote complex learning,instructional design has focused on the use of authentic,real-life learning tasks that students perform in a real or simulated task environment.In what follows,we guide the reader on how to implement educational programs based on the4C/ID model and illustrate this with an example from general practice education.The developed learning environment is in line with the whole-task approach,where a learning domain is considered as a coherent,integrated whole and where teaching progresses from offering relatively simple,but meaningful,authentic whole tasks to more complex tasks.We describe the steps that were taken,from prototype over development to implementation,to build five learning modules that all focus on the integrated acquisition of the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists roles in general practice.Furthermore,a change cycle for educational innovation is described that encompasses practicebased challenges and pitfalls about the collaboration between different stakeholders and the transition from traditional,fragmented and classroom-based learning to integrated and blended learning based on sound instructional design principles.