试论罗马共和政制的二元性

On the Duality of Roman Republic Constitution

罗马共和制的二元政治结构是元老院同以执政官为代表的高级官员、公民大会互相制衡的结果。在马略改革之前,主要以公民大会和元老院的互相抗衡为核心,公民大会和保民官都一定程度上体现了共和制中的民主因素。因公民大会自身机构的复杂性和制度设计不完善,加上公民权的扩大,使得公民大会在共和制中的地位逐渐下降。马略改革之后,执政官凭借军队实力在共和国中地位不断提高,最终形成了以元老院和执政官相对抗的二元体制。共和国内外环境的变化让元老院的弊端凸显,最终恺撒通过改革建立独裁统治,结束了共和国的二元体制。

The dual political structure of Roman Republic constitution was the balances between the senate and the high officers in the consuls and the assemblies.Prior to G.Marius,the political duality represented the balance of power between the assemblies and the senate.To a certain extent,the assemblies and the tribunes represent the democracy in the republic.Due to the complexity and imperfection of the assemblies together with the citizenship expansion,the assemblies in the republic gradually declined.After the reform of G.Marius,the power of the consuls in the republic was enhanced and fi nally formed a dualistic system between the senate and the consuls.The domestic and international changes of the republic exposed the weakness of the senate.Finally,Caesar established a dictatorship through reform thus ending the dualistic system of the republic.