汉末“清议”与魏晋“清谈”之关系再探

Further Study on the Relationship Between "Qingyi" in Late Han Dynasty and "Qingtan" in the Wei-Jin Period

关于汉末"清议"与魏晋"清谈"的关系历来争论颇多。考察魏晋时人的看法,并征诸于汉末清议名士郭泰、汉末述德性碑文及士大夫"题目"文辞品议人物的特征可知,"清议"与"清谈"在某些方面有着渊源关系,但二者并非完全等同。"清议"一词概出现于魏晋时期,而"清谈"一词在汉末即见记载,他们之间的演进并非是简单性的发展与承续式的衔接关系,而是一个交错发展、主次升降的过程。魏晋时期,"清议"的式微与"清谈"的兴起,其外因是政治暴力对士人的打击,而内因则是士人学理思想的演变,而士人学理思想的变化又主要受到道家思想自汉代以来不断成长的影响。

There has been much discussion about the relationship between qingyi(political criticism by scholars)in Late Han Dynasty and qingtan(idle talk of metaphysics)in the Wei-Jin Period.According to the views held by Wei-Jin people such as qingyi scholar Guo Tai,and stone virtue inscriptions in Late Han and character discussion by scholar's,there is some close relationship between qingyi and qingtan in some respects,but not exactly equated with each other.The word qingyi appeared in the Wei-Jin period,and qingtan was recorded in Late Han Dynasty.The relationship between them was not simple inheritance,but a process of intertwining development.In the Wei-Jin Period,the external cause for the decline of qingyi and the rise of qingtan was the great blow to scholars by political violence while the internal cause was the evolution of scholars'academic thoughts,which had been influenced by the development of Taoism since the Han Dynasty.