土地改革背景下乡土社会秩序的变迁与重塑--读韩丁的《翻身--中国一个村庄的革命纪实》

Transition and Reconstruction of the Order of Rural Society Under the Background of Land Reform

我国乡土社会传统秩序的正式终结与新秩序架构的基本奠定,是通过共产党在解放战争和建国初期所发起的农村土地改革来实现的。共产党人认为地主阶级与农民阶级之间的矛盾是导致乡村危机的根源,土地改革的开展首先重在对革命干部施以阶级的教育,在正确阶级观指导下的革命党人能够充分地发动群众开展斗争,斗争的结果则是实现了农民阶级的"翻身"目标并在农村建立起了新的秩序。然而,这一新的秩序安排并非是乡土社会转型的终点,它有其局限性:新的秩序安排无法惠及乡土社会的所有成员,始终存在着一批"政治贱民";乡土社会彻底丧失了原有的自治空间,上级权力意志支配了其整个内部事务,这与中共在农村力量的发展是密不可分的;勇于革命、敢于参加斗争的贫雇农成为新的政治精英,对他们的权力滥用缺乏正式有效的制约机制和手段。

The formal end of the traditional regulations of rural society and the basic frame of the new order are realized through the Agrarian Revolution,initiated by the Communist Party of China in the period of the liberation war and in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.The Communists believed that the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class is the root cause of the rural crisis.The land reform first focuses on educating the revolutionary cadres,and the revolutionaries,under the guidance of the correct class view,which can fully mobilize the masses.The struggle ended with the“changing destiny”of the peasant class and the establishment of a new order in the countryside.However,this new order arrangement is not the end of the transformation of the local society,and it has inherent limitations:First,the new order arrangement cannot benefit all the members of the local community,and there is always a group of“political pariahs”;Second,rural society completely lost the original autonomous space,and the superior power dominates its entire internal affairs,which is inseparable from the development of the Chinese Communist Party in power;Third,the poor peasants who are courageous and dare to participate in the struggle now become a new political elite,and there is no formal and effective means to restrict their abuse of power.