刑法基本原则在反兴奋剂实践中的借鉴

Basic Principles of Criminal Law in Anti-Doping Practice

兴奋剂违规行为的认定以及确定违规行为后的处罚与刑法中的定罪以及处罚有高度的类似性,反兴奋剂规则的运作过程也借鉴了刑法的若干基本原则。在兴奋剂违规行为的认定阶段,参考了刑法的罪刑法定原则、从旧兼从轻原则以及无罪推定原则;在兴奋剂违规行为确定后的处罚阶段,比附了刑法的罪刑相当原则以及累犯加重原则。当代刑法基本原则的宗旨更加倾向于保护刑事被告人,而反兴奋剂实践的趋势却是加重对运动员的处罚。这表明反兴奋剂实践从严处罚的发展趋势与当代刑法基本原则所体现的保护人权的精神相悖,"严打"兴奋剂违规行为的合理性值得商榷。

The identification of doping violations and the following sanctions are quite similar to the conviction and penalties in criminal law.And the practice of anti-doping rules has also drawn on the experience of the basic principles of criminal law.At the phase of identification of doping violation,the principle of legality and the principle of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment and the principle of presumption of innocence in criminal law are used as the references.At the phase of sanction,the principle of proportionate punishment to crime and the principle of heavier punishment for recidivists are referred to.The principle of the basic doctrine of modern criminal law tends to protect culprit,while the tendency of anti-doping practice is to aggravate punishment to athletes.This shows that the development tendency of punishing with severity is contrary to the principle of protecting human rights in contemporary criminal law.The rationality of aggravating punishment to doping violations is worth discussing.