以“丧葬文化”为武器:美国对越心理战探析(1961-1972)

"Funeral Culture" as a Weapon:the Psychological Warfare of the United States in Vietnam,1961-1972

冷战期间,美国为将南越建构成反共产主义的前沿阵地,在南越积极利用越南文化实施了大规模的心理战,其中利用越南"丧葬文化"实施的"游荡的鬼魂"计划就是他们的"杰作"之一。1961-1972年期间,为了平定南方的"叛乱",美方利用越南人"灵魂不死"观念及死后讲究体面葬礼、希望葬人祖坟并得到永久祭祀的传统开展心理攻势,不断借助宣传媒介暗示对手必然会"客死他乡",既没有坟墓,也没有葬礼,更得不到子孙的永久祭祀,他们的灵魂将会四处游荡,永远得不到安息。这种心理攻势唤起了在南越境内艰苦环境下开展斗争的越共、北越士兵的心理恐惧以及对前景的担忧,极大消解了他们的斗志,导致大量士兵投降,彰显了传统文化作为心理战武器的强大功效。

During the cold war,The United States had utilized South Vietnam against communism,implemented lots of Psychological Operations by using the Vietnamese culture,and“the Wandering Soul”campaign was one of them.Since1961,in order to pacify the rebellion in the south,the funeral culture was used by the United States as a psychological warfare weapon because of its soul immortality idea and a decent funeral after the death and ancestor worship tradition.Their propaganda focused on the inevitable death of Vietcong,when they were in the face of powerful allies.At the same time,it emphasized they would have“the nameless grave”,even no grave,funeral and worship,so they would become the wandering souls.These propagandas aroused fears and concerns of the South Vietnamese communists and the North Vietnamese soldiers.To a certain extent,it had eliminated their morale,and resulted in a large number of soldiers to Chieu Hoi.So the traditional culture had the powerful efficacy as a psychological warfare weapon.