调查研究中的问卷和量表的设计与编制要领

Essentials for the design and compilation of questionnaires and scales in a survey study

问卷调查在科学调查研究以及实施中都至关重要,问卷设计必须紧扣研究目的,并且同调查研究的主题相适应;还应力求做到系统全面、提纲挈领。问卷调查法是实证研究中常用的方法,在社会调查研究、医学调查研究等众多领域内均做出了巨大的贡献。在问卷调查法应用过程中,多方面的因素都直接或间接影响着调查研究的质量。本文从调查问卷及量表的设计、关于沿用现有量表或者自行设计新量表的注意事项等几个关键问题进行了剖析与总结。对调查问卷中的影响因素与评价指标以及制定量表的技巧加以阐述,并就问卷如何进行信度与效度分析等问题开展了讨论。同时对调查问卷中的核心内容,即量表的设计要点进行了探讨、归纳与呈现,包括如何合理沿用或修改现有量表或者自行设计新量表过程中存在的问题与设计要点。

Questionnaires always play a role of importance in the design and practice of a survey study,and the design procedure must be closely linked to the purpose of the study and adapted to the subject of the survey,and should also strive to achieve a comprehensive system.Questionnaire method is a commonly used one in the field of research work,and has made a great contribution in many fields,such as the social investigation and medical research.In the process of questionnaire survey,there are many factors that directly or indirectly affect the quality of the survey.Thus in this article,we discussed the design of the scale,including the existing scale or designing a new scale.The project indicators in the questionnaire and the skills to develop the scale were discussed,and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were discussed at the same time.This paper also focused on how to carry out questionnaire preventive analysis and other issues,and summarized how to use or modify the existing scale or designing a new scale.