《禁止酷刑公约》第3条项下个人来文及其证据问题论析

On the Aspects of Evidence in Individual Communication Under Article 3 of Convention Against Torture

联合国经社理事会依决议开启了人权申诉机制建立和发展的进程,而个人申诉机制则依托国际人权公约得以形成和发展。《禁止酷刑公约》第22条规定了个人来文制度。禁止酷刑委员会所接受和审查的半数来文都涉及第3条项下权利和义务。从来文角度看,有关证据的规则是第3条的核心内容,它规定了委员会证据审查的职责、证明内容和标准以及考察因素范围。从来文审查的实践看,委员会就证明责任、证据真实性以及程序性事宜形成了自身特有的逻辑或"先例"。委员会的来文审查致力于寻求保护人权和主权的平衡,其实践丰富着国际人权保护规范,强化着人权执行机制。

ECOSOC established the first global human rights compliant mechanism by its Resolution1235in1967,while individual compliant mechanisms(ICM)were built through sovereign states’ratification of conventions or their annexed protocols.Convention against Torture(CAT)laid down ICM in its article22.Most of communications the Committee has handled concern rights and obligations under article3of CAT.Evidence is the core issue of article3,which stipulates the Committee's duty to examine,content and standard as well as scope of factors in the process.In the practice,the committee develops its own logic or“precedents”regarding the responsibility to examine,credibility of evidence and procedural aspects under article3.The committee tries to achieve balance between protection of human rights and maintenance of sovereign power.Its practices help to enrich international norms concerning human rights protection,and also serve to strengthen implementation mechanism of international human rights.