我国土壤污染防治的挑战与战略定位

Challenges and Strategies for the Soil Pollution Prevention and Control in China

[目的 /意义]针对新世纪我国土壤污染凸显的严峻形势,探索能有效改善土壤质量、保护土壤环境和安全利用土地资源的战略机制,对保障农产品质量安全和公众健康、实现土地可持续利用和推动生态文明建设具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略影响。[方法 /过程]本文系统分析了我国土壤污染防治过程中面临的主要问题及挑战,并从土壤环境保护和土地安全利用的宏观视角定位土壤污染防治的关键举措。[结果 /结论 ]研究发现,我国土壤污染防治工作以农田和工业用地为治理重点,虽已在多方面取得重大进展,但仍存在以下主要问题:(1)针对农田污染,存在污染物空间异质性强、土壤污染与农产品超标差异大、土壤污染源头管控不到位和农田安全利用困难等问题;(2)针对工业污染地块,存在污染防治的政策法规体系不完善、技术能力建设滞后、片面强调工程修复和修复模式不持续等问题。为保护国家土壤生态安全,促进土地安全利用,应加快完善土壤污染防治顶层设计,系统开展源头治理、精准治理与综合治理,坚持"可持续修复、适度修复和绿色修复"原则,加强产业链中各利益方的密切合作,开拓多元稳定的土壤修复筹融资渠道,建立土壤环境质量预警机制。

[Purpose/significance]In the context of severe soil pollution in China,this paper explores efficient strategies to improve the soil quality,protect the soil environment and use the land resource safely,which has important practical significance and profound strategic impact for the food safety,the public health,the land sustainability use and the ecological civilization construction.[Method/process]This paper systematically analyzed the challenges in the process of the soil pollution prevention and control,and further proposed key measures in the soil pollution treatment from the macro perspective of the soil environment protection and the land safety use.[Result/conclusion]The results show that the soil pollution prevention and control in China focuses on the farmland and contaminated sites.The nonignorable problems do exit though apparent progress has been made.For example,the farmland pollution is facing critical challenges,including the spatial heterogeneity of pollutants distribution,the lack of linear relationship between pollutants in soil and those in crops,the inadequate control of the pollution source and the difficult safety use of farmlands.For contaminated sites,problems such as imperfect policy systems,lagging the technical capacity construction,the unreasonable engineering remediation and the unsustainable remediation mode have aroused the government’s attention.In this sense,strategies should be put forward as soon as possible to protect the national soil ecological security and promote the strategic planning of the land use,specifically,to improve the top design of the soil pollution prevention and control,to carry out the pollution source management,the precision management and the comprehensive management systematically,to obey the principles of the sustainable remediation,the moderate remediation and the green remediation,to widen the close cooperation among stakeholders involving in the soil industrial market,to innovate various and stable funding approaches for the soil remediation,and to establish the soil environment quality warning mechanism.