金马门与“朝隐”象征--兼论东方朔形象的演变

A Study of Jinma Men as a Symbol of Recluse in the Court

"狂",是东方朔留给后人的显著印象。东方朔的狂语狂行,是他因得不到汉武帝重用和找不到志同道合者而内心苦闷的极端表现。当人生抱负得不到实现,又不愿远离庙堂之上时,"朝隐"就成为平衡入仕与归隐之间的最佳选择。对于东方朔"避世金马门"的行为,后人有不同的评判。褚少孙、班固、扬雄眼中的东方朔还不是以一位"朝隐"者的形象出现的。魏晋以降,士人对东方朔"朝隐"行为的态度开始发生转变。避世朝堂的金马之客的处世方式似乎比隐迹山林的岩穴之士显得更加高明。"避世从容金马门"渐渐成为许多知识人追求的生活状态。

Arrogance is a remarkable impression of Dongfang Shuo.This arrogance is the extreme expression of his inner depression because he could not find the like-minded people and was not appreciated by Emperor Wu.With his life ambition unrealized,he was not willing to stay away from the court,so to be a recluse in the court became the best choice.There are different opinions on Dongfang's behavior.The scholars in the Han Dynasty thought that Dongfang was not a recluse.From the beginning of the Wei and Jin Dynasties,people began to agree with the behavior of Dongfang.It was wiser to be a recluse living in the court than to be a hermit living in the countryside.Jinma Men was also recognized as a symbol of being a recluse in the court.