国际空间法中的限制性义务及其他规则概要

Synopsis of restricted obligation and other regulations in international space law

国际空间法是指调整国家、国际组织之间开展外空探索、利用、开发活动中权利义务规则的总称。狭义的国际空间法仅指以联合国外空五大公约为核心的国际条约体系,对于缔约国是具有强制的法律约束力的;广义的国际空间法还包括联合国大会决议和联合国外空委大会文件在内的不具有法律约束力、但具有很强的政治约束力的外空国际活动规则。中国1983年加入《外空条约》,1988年加入《营救协定》、《责任公约》和《登记公约》,没有加入《月球协定》。文章分析前4个公约以及《遥感原则》、《防止在外空部署武器条约草案》、"外空透明与建立信任措施"联大决议、《外空活动长期可持续准则草案》等不具有法律约束力的文件,简要分析其对中国航天活动可能产生的限制和影响,并提出对策、建议。

The international space law refers to a bunch of rules which involve the rights and obligations in the exploration,the use and the exploitation of the outer space among various countries and international organizations.In a narrow sense,it refers to the international treaty system,i.e.,the five UN space treaties.In general,it also includes the UNGA regulations,which are not legally binding but have a strong political binding effect.China ratified the Outer Space Treaty in1984,and the Rescue Agreement,the Liability Convention,and the Registration Convention in1988,but did not ratify the Moon Agreement.This paper briefly analyses the possible effects and restrictions brought by the regulations in the four space treaties and other non-legally binding documents,including the Remote Sensing Principle,the Draft of Prevention of Weapon Placement,the UNGA regulation of Transparency and Confidence-building Measures in Outer Space(TCBMs),and the draft Long-Term Sustainability(LTS)of the outer space activity guidelines,with corresponding recommendations or countermeasures presented.