摘要
TiO2hollow microspheres(TiO2‐HMSs)have attracted much attention because of their high photoreactivity,low density,and good permeability.However,anatase TiO2‐HMSs have poor thermal stability.In this study,surface‐fluorinated TiO2‐HMSs were assembled from hollow nanoparticles by the hydrothermal reaction of the mixed Ti(SO4)2–NH4HF–H2O2solution at180°C.The effect of the calcination temperature on the structure and photoreactivity of the TiO2‐HMSs was systematically investigated,which was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air under ultraviolet irradiation.We found that after calcination at300°C,the photoreactivity of the TiO2‐HMSs decreases from1.39×10?3min?1(TiO2‐HMS precursor)to0.82×10?3min?1because of removal of surface‐adsorbed fluoride ions.With increasing calcination temperature from300to900°C,the building blocks of the TiO2‐HMSs evolve from truncated bipyramidal shaped hollow nanoparticles to round solid nanoparticles,and the photoreactivity of the TiO2‐HMSs steady increases from0.82×10?3to2.09×10?3min?1because of enhanced crystallization.Further increasing the calcination temperature to1000and1100°C results in a decrease of the photoreactivity,which is ascribed to a sharp decrease of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and the beginning of the anatase–rutile phase transformation at1100°C.The effect of surface‐adsorbed fluoride ions on the thermal stability of the TiO2‐HMSs is also discussed.
空心结构材料具有低密度、高通透性和易于回收的优点,因此人们对空心球的TiO_2,如TiO_2空心微球(TiO_2-HMSs)的制备非常感兴趣.但是普通TiO_2-HMSs的热稳定性较差,一般在600°C以上就由活性较高的锐钛矿相相变成活性很差的金红石相.考虑到氟离子能够抑制TiO_2相变,因此我们以Ti(SO4)2为钛源,在NH4F和H_2O2的共同作用下,于180°C水热制备了由空心颗粒自组装成的表面氟化的TiO_2-HMSs,并考察了其热稳定性与光催化氧化分解丙酮的性能.研究发现,当焙烧温度从300°C上升到1000°C时,TiO_2平均粒径从79.0 nm逐渐增大到97.7 nm,结晶度从1.00增大到1.53.这是由于热处理促进了TiO_2颗粒的晶化.当进一步升温到1100°C时,XRD谱开始出现金红石相TiO_2的特征衍射峰,此时约18.4%的锐钛矿相开始向金红石相转化.因此,本文制备的二氧化钛锐钛矿相可以稳定到1000°C,显示出优良的高热稳定性.扫描电镜显示,水热制备的TiO_2-HMSs是由高能(001)面暴露的TiO_2十面体纳米晶组装而成.随着焙烧温度提高到900°C,空心微球外观没有显著改变,但是组装体纳米晶暴露出来的空洞逐渐变小,晶粒变得圆滑;至1100°C时,空心微球组装体的纳米晶变成了球形颗粒,但是空心微球的空心结构没有坍塌,空心微球结构依然得到保留.我们用丙酮的紫外光催化氧化分解来评价不同温度焙烧的TiO_2空心微球的光催化活性.结果显示,前驱体TiO_2空心微球于300°C焙烧2 h,丙酮的氧化速率从1.39×10-3 min^(-1)(前驱体)降至0.82×10-3 min^(-1)(T300样品),这是因为样品表面吸附的氟离子受热挥发所致;当焙烧温度从300°C提高到900°C时,催化剂活性从0.82×10^(-3) min^(-1)升至2.09×10^(-3) min^(-1),这是由于焙烧促进了TiO_2的晶化;进一步升至1000和1100°C时,催化剂活性显著下降,这是由于催化剂的比表面积急剧减小和金红石相的生成.总之,本文利用氟离子的化学诱导作用制备出表面氟化的空心颗粒自组装TiO_2空心微球,该TiO_2空心微球显示出超高热稳定性与高光催化活性,因此在高热环境中具有实际应用前景.
基金
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672312,21373275)
the Science and Technology Program of Wuhan,China(2016010101010018,2015070504020220)
the Dean’s Research Fund–04257 from the Education University of Hong Kong~~
