欧洲老年人自杀现状、自杀方法及相关自杀预防工作简介

European Older Adults’ Suicide Patterns,Methods and Prevention Programs

目的对欧洲老年人的自杀现状、自杀方法及相关自杀预防工作进行简要分析、概述和回顾，为未来的老年人自杀预防工作提供参考依据。方法对28个欧盟成员国0~64岁年龄群和65岁以上年龄群最近3年的每10万分之一自杀率进行计算，取其平均值用作比较，并对每个成员国0~64岁年龄组和65岁以上年龄组人群的自杀率的比率进行了计算。结果欧洲各国之间65岁以上年龄组人群的自杀率与0~64岁年龄组人群的自杀率的比率有着很大差异。2000—2005年度16个欧洲国家一共收集了119122例男性自杀案例和41338例女性自杀案例。其中，40444例65岁以上老年男性的自杀方法依次为上吊自杀、使用武器自杀和从高处跳落；而18631例65岁以上女性自杀案例显示的自杀方法依次为上吊自杀、服药自杀和从高处跳落。结论未来的老年自杀预防工作应将重点放在“积极老龄化”这一概念上，例如提升老年人群的适应能力；让老年人群的家属和社区负责人更多地参与到自杀预防工作中；针对自杀风险高的老年人群使用发达的电子通讯与其保持密切沟通；对限制自杀方式的有效性进行合理评估，以及对临床医护工作者进行老年自杀知识和预防的培训等。

Objective This article gave a brief overview of European older adults’suicide patterns,methods and prevention programs.Methods Data of suicide rates in the age groups0~64and65+in28EU member states were obtained from the World Health Organization(WHO)European Mortality Database(EMDB),updated in April2014.The average suicide rates per100000persons in the latest3years were calculated and ratios between suicide rates of0~64and65+were computed for each country.Results Significant differences existed among all member states in the ratios of suicide between the older(65+)and the younger(0~64)age groups.Data on suicide methods for40444male cases and18631female cases in the age group65+were collected from the national statistical offices in16European countries for the years2000-2005.Hanging was the most prevalent suicide method among elderly males and females.For elderly males,hanging was followed by firearms and jumping from a high place;for elderly females,by drug poisoning and jumping from a high place.Conclusions The future suicide prevention strategies should start from a conception of positive aging and focus on improving elderly resilience,engaging family and community gatekeepers,using telecommunications to reach vulnerable older adults,and evaluating the effects of means restriction and physicians education on elderly suicide.