社会变迁、文献解读与洪承畴“贰臣”形象的演变——兼论历史人物评价

The Evolution of Literature Interpretation and "Turncoat" Image of HONG Cheng-chou——On the Evaluation of Historical Figures One by One

作为明清易代之际的重要历史人物,洪承畴一直比较受人关注。自他死后至今的300年间,物议纷然,评价不一。清朝入关后百余年间,他作为降清的功臣受到清政府的褒奖;乾隆年间,随着社会的稳定,乾隆命史馆编纂《贰臣传》,洪承畴被钦定为"贰臣",受到贬抑;民国初期,有关洪承畴的评价大体还延续乾隆时期的论断;而在抗日战争时期,伴随着对投敌卖国者的声讨,洪承畴因为降清,被视为"汉奸",大受挞伐。中华人民共和国成立后,人们对洪承畴的研究不多;进入改革开放新时期后,学界围绕洪承畴的评价问题展开多次讨论,或目为"功臣",或视为"汉奸",抑或坚持"毁誉参半",关于洪承畴的评价复杂起来,其中既有社会变迁的因素,也有文献解读的不同。

As an important historical figure of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,HONG Cheng-chou has always been more concerned.Since he died after300years,with the atmosphere,evaluation is not same.After the Qing Dynasty over a hundred years,he as a hero by the Qing Qing government praise;Qianlong period,with the social stability,Qianlong ordered the compilation of'turncoat historica biography,HONG Cheng-chou was appointed asturncoat,is repressed;In the early Republic of China,judge evaluation about HONG Cheng-chou generally is a continuation of the Qianlong period;and in the period of Anti Japanese War,with the enemy to denounce the traitors,because HONG Cheng-chou drop clear,be regarded as"traitors",he was cutting.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,there were not many researches on HONG Cheng-chou.After entering the new era of reform and opening up,academia has discussed many times about the evaluation of HONG Cheng-chou.Or as a"hero"or as"traitors",or adhere to the evaluation on get both praise and blame,the complicated factors HONG Cheng-chou,which not only have a social change,also has the different interpretation of literature.