北京昌平农业景观传粉服务供给和需求评估研究

Evaluation of pollination service supply and demand of agricultural landscape in Changping District,Beijing

近年来全球范围内蜜蜂多样性的下降引起了各国科学家与政府对与农业可持续生产密切相关的传粉服务的关注。为了认识和了解区域传粉服务的供给和需求状况,为制定区域传粉管理策略奠定基础,本研究在2016年对北京昌平7种常见生境的野生蜂多样性、植被组成、土壤紧实度、作物种植面积等数据进行了调查,根据野生蜂的物种组成、飞行距离、筑巢偏好和活动季节,生境的植物资源数据和筑巢适宜性数据,结合In VEST模型对研究区传粉服务的供给进行了评估;根据研究区传粉依赖作物种植面积和各种作物对传粉服务的依赖程度,对研究区传粉服务的需求进行了评估;通过叠加传粉服务供给和需求分级图,评估了研究区的传粉服务供需匹配状况。结果显示,自然林是最适宜野生蜂的生境,其次是人工林、荒草地和边界生境;果园既是野生蜂的生境,也对传粉服务有较高的需求;大棚几乎不供给传粉服务,但对传粉服务有较高需求。对传粉供需等级匹配的结果显示,昌平区供给等级高于需求等级的区域占34.2%,大部分分布于山区,有较高的传粉服务供给和较低的传粉服务需求,具有较高保护价值;供给等级低于需求等级的区域占13.9%,多分布于靠近山区的平原地区,虽然具有较高的传粉服务供给,但也具有最高的需求等级;供给等级与需求等级持平的区域占51.9%,远离山区的平原地区由于具有较多半自然生境,传粉服务的供需基本是匹配的。最后,文章对研究区传粉服务提升提出了管理建议:对于高供给-中/低需求的区域(重点保护区),建议发展低管理强度的有机农业,保护区域内的生境;对于中/低供给-高需求的区域(重点提升区、一般提升区),建议使用养殖蜜蜂提升传粉服务,同时在景观尺度上增加自然/半自然生境比例,建立生态廊道以增加生境之间的连通度;对于供需等级较为一致的区域(重点维持区、一般维持区),建议降低农业区域的管理强度,同时增加生境间的连接度,以实现传粉服务的可持续供给。

The diversity of bees has declined in recent years around the world.This has raised concerns about pollination service,which is closely linked with sustainable agricultural production.To understand the supply and demand of regional pollination service and laid the basis for developing a regional pollination management strategy,we investigated seven common habitat types,which were forest,woodland,grassland,orchard,greenhouse,road boundary,field margin,and one non-habitat land in Changping District of Beijing in2016.The data including bee(species,flying distance,nesting preference and active season),vegetation(vegetation composition,flowering season,nectar/pollen resources),nesting suitability(soil compaction)and crop area were collected.The supply of pollination service in the study area was evaluated by using the InVEST model,which was based on species composition,flight distance,nesting preference and activity season of wild bees.The model also used data of plant resources and nesting suitability in the habitat to estimate the dependent degree of crops on pollination.The demand for pollination service was evaluated based on planting area and dependence on pollination service of crops.Furthermore,the match between pollination service supply and demand was studies by stacking the levels of supply and demand.The results showed that natural forests were the most suitable habitat for wild bee production,followed by woodlands,grasslands and border habitats.Orchards too were wild bee habitats and also had high demand for pollination service.Greenhouse barely provided pollination service,but had a high demand for it.The supply and demand match results showed that in Changping area,pollination service supply exceeded demand.The areas where supply level was higher than demand level accounted for34.2%,mostly distributed in mountain areas.The areas with the highest supply and lower demand for pollination service was worthy for protection.The areas with lower supply than demand accounted for13.9%and were distributed in plain regions near mountains.Although such areas had a relatively high supply,demand was the highest.Areas with the same supply-demand accounted for51.9%,distributed in plain areas far from mountains.In these areas,the supply and demand for pollination service were basically in balanced match because of the high proportion of semi-natural habitats.Finally,some management strategies were suggested to improve pollination service in the study area.For the areas with higher supply and medium/lower demand(key protected region),it was suggested to develop organic agricultural with less management to protect habitat.For medium/lower supply and higher demand areas(key improved and generally improved regions),it was necessary to improve pollination service by breeding bee and increase natural/semi-natural habitat,and strengthen connectivity among habitats through ecological corridor construction.For the area with balanced supply and demand(key maintained,and generally maintained regions),decreasing management intensity of agricultural area and increasing connectivity among habitats were important for keeping sustainable pollination service supply.