试论清代以罪革除土司异地安插制度

On the Abolishment and Transplacement System of Tusi due to Crimes during Qing Dynasty

以罪革除土司的安插制度是清代土司制度的一大特点。其制创建于大规模改土归流的雍正朝,其后则不断完善。从雍正、乾隆两朝的诸多实例看,这一制度确立之后,各地废除土司时均能遵照执行。被安插的土司职衔不一,安插的地点涉及内地数省,最远者甚至到关外。在安插之地,政府拨给这些土司房屋和土地,令自食其力。各地方官亦能严格管控。这一制度的推行,对保持原土司地区的社会稳定起到了一定的作用。

The transplacement system for the abolishment of Tusi due to certain crimes is the major character of Tusi system in QingDynasty.This systemoriginated fromthe reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736),during which bureaucratization of native officers was in fullswing.From the practices in the reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736)and Qianlong(1736-1795),the system was followed.The demotedTusi officers were granted different titles,and some were transplanted to other provinces,or even to the northeast China.In the placeswhere Tusi officers were transplanted,they were offered houses and land,and had to support themselves.And the native officers controlledthem in a strict way.The popularization of this systemplays a certain role in stabilizing the original Tusi society.