对康有为与儒学关系的几点思考

Several Thoughts on the Relationship between Kang Youwei and Confucianism

康有为与儒学有着千丝万缕的联系。需要进一步思考的问题是:康有为对儒学的改造是成功的吗?他可以称为现代新儒家的开山吗?他是"启蒙自我循环"的一个代表吗?戊戌维新时期的康有为对以儒学为核心的中国传统文化主要持批判态度,其特点是打着"孔教复原"的旗帜,制造出儒学变质史,进而展开对后儒的批判,自然也涉及儒学的一些基本价值理念。康有为对儒学的改造有其历史价值,但总体上是不成功的。关于现代新儒家的开山,多数学者认为是梁漱溟,但也有学者认为是康有为。从方克立先生对现代新儒家的界定来看,康有为与现代新儒家既有相互区别的一面,也有相互关联的一面。就新的儒学理论建构而言,作为现代新儒家开山的梁漱溟较为突出,一方面建构了"新心学",另一方面建构了"新孔学"。康有为早年以批判后儒为主,晚年以保皇为业,对儒学的现代建构相对偏弱。将康有为看作现代新儒家的开山,理由不甚充分;但可以把他看作现代新儒家的先驱之一,因为他是面对西方的冲击最初对儒家和西方现代化的挑战作出回应的。要说康有为"启蒙自我循环",理由也不甚充分。从前期到后期,康有为的思想虽有变化,但基本的东西没变,只是历史的情境发生了变化。同一种思想,在一种历史情境中可能是合理的、进步的,但在另一种历史情境中可能就变成了非合理的、落后的。探讨康有为与儒学的关系,有助于我们深入理解中国传统文化在近代的创造性转化和创新性发展。

Kang Youwei has an inextricable connection with Confucianism. The question that deserves further thought is: Did Kang Youwei conduct a successful transformation of Confucianism? Could he be called the opening of the modern Neo Confucianism? Was he a representative of the " enlightenment for self-cycling" ?During the reform movement of 1898,Kang Youwei kept critical attitude to Confucianism-cored traditional culture,featuring the name of " Confucian restoration",created the Confucianism metamorphic history of Confucianism,and criticized Confucian group at that time,even concerning some basic values and concepts of theirs. Kang Youwei's transformation of Confucianism had its historical value,but hardly called a success on the whole. With regard to the opening of the modern Neo Confucianism,most scholars believed Liang Shuming were the one,but others embraced Kang Youwei. In the view of Mr. Fang Keli 's definition of Modern Neo Confucianism,Kang Youwei and modern Neo Confucianism differed and connected. The new Confucian theory took Liang Shuming as a pioneer of Modern Neo Confucianism,for his " new mind theory" and for his building " new Confucianism". Kang Youwei in the early years criticized Confucianism,and later years saw his loyalty to the empire,so his contribution to modern Confucianism was relatively weak. It seemed less proofs to treat Kang Youwei as the opening of Modern Neo Confucianism,but could be regarded as one of the pioneers,because he responded to the challenge from west modernization and Confucianism at first. Also it was hard to say that Kang Youwei " enlightened the self-cycling". From the early stage to the later period,Kang Youwei had changed his thoughts a little,but the essential unchanged under changed historical situations. The same thought might be reasonable and progressive in one historical situation,but irrational and backward in another historical situation. Through the study of the relationship between Kang Youwei and Confucianism,it contributes us to understand the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional Chinese culture in modern times.