“三大族系”与黑龙江早期历史——兼论边疆古族研究的方法

“Three Systems of Nationalities” and Early History of Heilongjiang Province in China——The Research Methods on Ancient Nationality of Frontier Regions

在探讨黑龙江早期历史时应主要依靠考古学资料,不一定冠以文献描述不清的某些古族的名号。通过考古发现资料可以了解古代黑龙江居民的经济、生活等历史状况,而且比文献记载的更为翔实而具体。"三重证据法"是三种不同来源资料的结合,也是历史学、考古学、民族学三个学科理论方法的交叉与融合。研究边疆考古和古族,使用"三重证据法"尤具意义。具体来说,一、坚持以考古学为主,多学科交叉研究;二、在使用传世文献资料时,把史书中的古族传记史料视为古代民族志,并对其进行"历史性分析",廓清其源流;三、在探讨考古学文化的族属时要慎之又慎,必须遵循"时代相近、地域相合、文化特征相符"的基本原则;四、在复原黑龙江早期历史与边疆古族面貌时,充分挖掘、利用民族学材料。

We should emphasize the importance of archaeological materials when exploring the early history of Heilongjiang Province in China,and we should not entitle ancient nationalities recorded equivocally in historical documents.The understanding of economic and living conditions of ancient Heilongjiang residents by virtue of archaeological data could be more detailed and material than the records in historical documents.“The Method of Ternary Evidence”is a combination of three different sources of information and it is an interdisipline composed of the theory and method of History,Archaeology and Ethnology.It makes great sense that we attempt to apply“the method of ternary evidence”for the researches of frontier archaeology and ancient nationalities.Specifically,we should(1)stick to Archaeology-dominate,and conduct multi-disciplinary researches;(2)regard the biography of ancient nationalities as ancient ethnography,and conduct a“Historical Analysis”on the materials to know their source and course,when we use historical documents;(3)be very cautious not to confuse the relationship between archaeological cultures and ancient nationalities and follow the principles that factors are similar in chronological,regional and cultural terms;(4)excavate and take advantage of ethnological materials when rebuilding the early history of Heilongjiang Province and the ancient nationality of frontier region.