清水江林契反映的“股权”属性及林地权样态——清至民国西南内地边疆侗苗地区土地关系研究之二

The Nature of Equity and Forest Land Property Right Reflected in the Forest Contract in Qingshuijiang Area: the Study on Land Relation in Dong-Miao Region Southwest Inland Boundary Area from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (Ⅱ)

清水江林业契约中的股及股分方式,是解开清水江流域清至民国时期林业生产研究中,长期争论不清的林地权属性的关键所在。通过对林契分析,发现清水江流域林业生产中的产权结构呈现为"个人私有制主导下的四类样态",每一种样态的具体表现形式虽然不同,但林地权的变化一直是以个体家庭私人所有为主流方向。同时,不同样态及每一类型具体表现形式的多样性,既是清水江流域林业生产及林地权的本土特征,又是以区域性范畴反映中国古代私有制度发展、以及发展过程中在不同时期的具体水平。重要的是,它以土地制度的方式,见证了以侗、苗民族为主体的清水江流域社会成长及成长发展过程中各个阶段的历史进程。

The stock and equity in the forest contract is key to eliminate the long lasting arguments on the nature of Forest Land Property Right in the study on forest industry in Qingshuijiang area from Qing dynasty to the Republic of China.Through the analysis of forest contracts,the structure of property right forest industry consisted of four forms guided by private ownership,with each form different from the others but family ownership kept as the mainstream in the changes of forest land property right.Meanwhile,the diversity in the different forms and their varied expressions is not the local characteristics of forest industry and forest land property right,but the regional reflection of the development of ancient private ownership in different stages;but most importantly,as part of land system,the stock and equity in the forest contract was the reflection of the development of Qingshuijiang area whcih Dong and Miao nationality took the largest part in different historical stages.