唐宋墓葬中的仰观伏听俑与圣人象征

Up-looking and Down-listening Requiem Figurines and Their Sage Symbolization in Tombs in the Tang and Song Periods

唐宋墓葬中常常发现一对特殊的人形俑镇墓神煞,按宋代文献记载来看,其中仰首向天的明器是仰观俑,俯身向地的是伏听俑。仰观伏听俑很可能具有经学源头象征、现实角色隐喻的两重象征功能。从经学源头象征而言,仰观、伏听俑是中国古代易道思维下的圣人仰观天文、俯察地理,制器尚象以治天下的经学观念在唐宋墓葬中的明器化象征,是在墓葬这一人文化成领域对于宇宙天地的象征性把握。从现实角色隐喻而言,唐宋墓葬明器中的仰观俑、伏听俑可能分别与这一时期天文占卜吉凶的日官司天监、地理占卜吉凶的日者堪舆家具有某种角色上的对应关系。

There are usually a couple of human-shaped figurines named Up-looking and Downlistening in the tombs in Tang and Song periods.These two figurines perhaps are the symbol of the sage of that time.They symbolize their control over the universe,the sky and the earth in the realm of the tomb.And perhaps,these two tomb figurines were the metaphor of the astrologers.They also express the relationship with the Yin-yang and lucky-ominous belief in the funeral and burial rituals.