明清时期藏地的陕商研究

Shaanxi Merchants in Tibet during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,"茶马互市"主要连接了陕西、四川和西藏,是内地农耕经济与边疆游牧经济交换联系的独特产物,在一定程度上"激活"了丝绸之路,并赋予了它新的生命力。陕商利用明初朝廷"食盐开中""茶马交易"政策,利用血缘、乡缘、地缘关系,最早筚路蓝缕地行进在陕甘、川藏茶马古道上,在藏地留下了耐人寻味的600年贸易史。由于康定特殊的地理、历史因素,陕商"炉客"从户县集聚,经历38道驿站、总行程3088里,前往康定从事经济贸易活动。因此,在康定"陕西街"设有陕商著名商号多家,比如户县"牛东帮"所开设"#泰和",属当时影响颇大、历时较久的商号之一,调研分析其经营过程中的"物资流通"与"利润分配"模式,从中可窥见近代陕商经营特征及存在价值。这段以陕西为出发点的南向经济史研究,将为明清"陕西与西藏的交往"提供更多历史依据,为当代陕商提供接力前行的基础,亦为"一带一路"背景下的陕藏省际跨域经济发展给以时代借鉴。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties the“tea and horse frontier trade”connected Shaanxi,Sichuan and Tibet.As a unique exchange platform for agricultural economy in the mainland and nomadic economy in the border areas,it has activated the silk-road to a certain degree and endowed it with new vitality.Shaanxi merchants take advantage of policies of Ming dynasty such as“salt transaction”,“tea and horse transaction”,and make use of kinship,hometown and geographical relationships to explore trade in Shaanxi,Gansu,Sichuan and Tibet.The history of Shaanxi merchants in Tibet goes back600years ago.Due to the special geographical and historical factors of Kangding,Shaanxi merchants conducted trade in Kangding and a number of well known shops emerged in“shaanxi street”of Kangding.The historical exchange and trade between Tibet and Shaanxi will provide reference to the provincial development between Shaanxi and Tibet under the background of the Belt and Road.