《集量论·遣他品》中的声明问题例释

A Study of the Pramā asamuccayav tti V: Several Issues Concerning abdavidyā

陈那论师在《集量论·遣他品》中系统阐述了其语言哲学,于声明(即梵文语法)多有涉及。具体内容包括复合词(samūha)及其构成、状态名词的性质、词的原形与曲折、次生词缀-ka的"指小词"(diminutive)用法、直接宾语与间接宾语的区分、声总(s'abdasāmānya)与义总(arthasāmānya)的关系、声总与声别(s'abdavis'es·a)的关系、谐音现象(sam·dhi)、异声同义词(paryāya)等。然而,一方面由于《集量论》自身极其精炼,惜墨如金,几乎不给语法问题任何解释的空间;另一方面也由于对于以梵语为母语的作者自身而言,语法知识属于常识,人所共知,无需费笔墨解释,可是一旦译介进入藏、汉语言文化圈,这些本属常识者就不可避免变成了难点。从现存两个藏译本中择取涉及上述声明问题的数处疑难,利用国内、国际最新资料,对勘梵、藏,参考汉、英诸译,进行分析、梳理和阐释,有助于研究者更加深入了解陈那的这一著述中的声明问题。

There are a lot of issues about abdavidyā,i.e.,Sanskrit grammar,involved in the fifth chapterof Dignāga’s Pramāasamuccayav tti(PSV V),which is the elaboration of his philosophy of language.Issues including the nature of the compound noun and abstract state noun,noun and its inflections,the application of the diminutive which are ending in the second suffix-ka,the application of Sandhi and synonym as well as the rigid dichotomy between the direct object and the indirect object,the relation between the word-general and the referent-general,the relation between the word-general and the word-particular etc.,are referred to in a variety of contexts.According to the extremely economical style of PSV V,however,there’s hardly any room for explanation of linguistic phenomena.And this ellipsis,by which the obscurity of those paragraphs seems to be inevitable for the Tibetan and Chinese readers who are not familiar with Sanskrit grammar,especially the tradition of pān·ini,is partly because those grammar terms and rules are basically common sense for the native Sanskrit speakers.This article illustrates those above-mentioned abdavidyāissues in detail with the help of a Sanskrit manuscript of Jinendrabuddhi’s Vis'ālāmalavatīPramān·asamuccayat·īkā(transliterated),which is released lately,and two Tibetan translations of PSV V;and also the indirect translations of PSV V,both in Chinese and English.