“我们与他们”——热贡“蔡孜德裕”之《格萨尔》文化与族群边界探析

“We and They”: On Gesar Culture and Ethnic Border of Rebgong Khre-tse Sde-bzhi

《格萨尔》不仅是一部文学作品、民族文化品牌,更是维持族群边界的标志。特别是在藏、霍尔混居的群体中"《格萨尔》文化记忆"作为"我群(self-group)"和"他群(othersgroup)"的区分力量之一。"蔡孜德裕"(■)是热贡藏区的一个边缘群体,被当地藏族称之为"霍尔"(■)或"铎日铎"(■),民族识别时被统一认定为"土族"。其实,"蔡孜德裕"内部又以"霍尔"(■,蒙古语族群体)和"蕃"(■,藏族)来相互区分,存在较为明显的边界。当然,除了显性的语言特征外,《格萨尔》文化成为区分"是蕃是霍尔"的一个主要标志之一。人们以"唱不唱《格萨尔》全段""供奉的是不是真正的岭格萨尔(■)"来划分"我们"和"他们""蕃"与"霍尔"。

The Gesar epic is not only a literary work and cultural brand,but also a symbol of maintaining ethnic boundaries.In particular,among the mixed habitat of Tibetan and Hor communities,the Gesar cultural memory is one of the distinguishing forces of self-group and other-group.Khre-tse Sde-bzhi(the four villages)is a marginal group in Rebgong Tibetan region,and it is called Dor-do or Hor by local Tibetans.Ethnic identity is recognized as Tu locally.In fact,within Khre-tse Sde-bzhi,they distinguish and repel each other by Hor and Bod,and there is a clear ethnic boundary.In addition to the dominant linguistic features,the Gesar culture becomes one of the main symbols of the distinction between the Bod and Hor or self-group and other-group.The Bod and Hor are divided by the way of singing Gesar epic.