张问陶中进士至白莲教战乱前的释道思想(1)

Zhang Wentao's Buddhism and Taoism After Achieving the Rank of Jinshi Before the White Lotus Society Waged War (1)

从张问陶中进士开始至白莲教战乱爆发,其间约为六年(1790—1795)。他在此期创作的关于释道的诗歌计五十余首,其中涉及释道的词汇和典故有两百多个。当时,他的释道思想较前一时期的要丰富复杂得多。其特点表现为六方面:(1)重视释道,但既不佞佛,也不追求长生成仙;(2)入世出世相兼,儒侠禅玄相兼,更倾心于诗酒狂豪;(3)以仁慈为本,兼容儒家仁爱思想与佛教慈悲观念;(4)认同佛家的生死幻灭观,且转而推崇乐世思想;(5)重视佛家随缘随分观念与道家贵自然思想;(6)重视清斋、静修,重视我法。

From Zhang Wentao achieved the rank of Jinshi to the time when the White Lotus Society waged war,there were about6years(1790-1795).During this period,the poems created by him had over50pieces on Buddhism and Taoism.Among these poems,there were more than200words and classic allusions involving Buddhism and Taoism.At that time,his Buddhism and Taoism were more complicated than that of the period before.His thoughts’characteristics showed in six respects:(1)he attached importance to Buddhism and Taoism,but neither flattered them nor sought to live as an immortality;(2)he tried to both accomplish his political ideals and transcend the real society,tried to accept both Confucianism and chivalry,both Dhyana and arcane truth.Moreover,he admired to show his wild heroism through poem composition and wine drinking;(3)he took benevolence as the root of mankind,and tried to embrace both the Confucian thought of kindheartedness and the Buddhist idea of mercy;(4)he approved the Buddhist idea that both life and death will vanish into the air,and turned to attach great weight to the thought of happiness in the real world;(5)he paid attention to the Buddhist idea of following the lot,following the duty,and the Taoist thought of valuing the Nature;(6)he thought highly of vegetarian diet,meditation,and regarded“the method of returning to the inner ego”as important.