一处江南,两种哀愁——明末清初“哀江南”文学中的民族观

Same Jiang'nan,Different Feelings: The Ethnic Identity in the Writings of “Lamenting the South” of the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

明清易代之际,遗民文人再度体验被异族侵陵奴役的梦魇,他们看似巧合地在"哀江南"母题下共构诗赋,均以独特的视角和自身的记忆追述了江南地域上的家国动乱和百姓浩劫,反思汉族的文化特质和悲剧缘起。其间展露的挺拔骏健的笔势和国破家亡的哀愁彷佛是庾信《哀江南赋》经过历史检验与涤荡之后的回音。但明遗民所呈诸笔端的是由庾信"思乡之哀"所承载的"悯国、忧己之哀"嬗递而成的"故国、旧乡、先君、我族之哀"。继作与经典在"哀愁"的对象、起因、本质上的分歧背后是华夷观念的深沉异趣。这一由个人体会蜕变成群体经验的历程,不仅酝酿了文学经典的流衍嬗变,同时也折射出了作者对哀愁寄托和民族认同的不同抉择。

During the Ming-Qing transitional period,a significant number of poems and rhapsodieson the theme of uLamenting the South”were composed by the Han Chinese elites when theylooked back nostalgically to their past and their lost homeland.These works give accounts of destructionand human suffering inflicted by the conflict between the Ming and the Qing in the south,presentingfor the readers the causes and the nature of the tragedy.These authors were apparently influencedby Yli Xin,the southern poet who was caught up in the north after the in the south.But when drawing upon sources in Yu5s masterpiece the South”,they conveyed different meanings as a result of differences in subject-matter.Insteadof merely focusing on self-mourning and homesickness as Yu did in his work,the later Ming writersexpressed their concerns about the shared experience of the loss of ethnic not only the development of a motif in literature but also the changing attitudes towards cultural andethnic identity.