游走于现象与价值之间——从《理论之后》探视理论何为

Between Phenomenon and Values——To explore the theory' meaning from After the Theory

伊格尔顿(Terry Eagleton)与传统的马克思主义者从经济基础与上层建筑之间的辩证关系考察社会整体结构不同的是,他既没有将二者视为封闭的实体,仅仅把基础与上层建筑之间的关系归结为"决定/被决定",同时他也不赞同雷蒙德·威廉斯(Raymond Williams)将文化推入"物质"的范畴之中。一方面,他突出了文化以及建基于其上的理论的地位,将"基础"与"上层建筑"视作是动态的过程,而非固定不变的实体,二者之间相互生成,相互发展;而另一方面,他也强调文化与理论的自律。尤其是在当代资本主义宏大叙事的背景下,文化形成了对经济基础的超越,与之相伴而生的是,当代文化理论的研究形成了一个小高潮。这种研究对资本主义现代社会内部多种异质文化交融与碰撞的现实进行了梳理,但关涉到以人的身体为中心的诸多问题依然存在。在这样的情况下,理论的任务不仅要反映现象与事实,同时也要确定价值。

Contrary to the traditional Marxists,who thought the dialectical relationship between economic basis and superstructure of society as a whole,Terry Eagleton neither regarded the two as a closed entity but merely laid the relationship of foundation and the upper buildings comes down to"decide/being decided".He also disagreed with Raymond Williams,who pushed culture into the category of the material.On the one hand,he highlighted the culture and based on its theory,and he took the base and superstructure as a dynamic process,rather than a fixed entity,and they mutually generate and develop each other.On the other hand,he also emphasizes the self-discipline of culture and theory.Especially in the context of the grand narrative of contemporary capitalism,culture forms the transcendence of economic foundation.The research of contemporary cultural theory has formed a small climax.This study sorts out the reality of the fusion and collision of various heterogeneous cultures in the modern society of capitalism.But many of the issues that concern the human body remain.In such cases,the task of theory should not only reflect the phenomenon and the facts,but also determine the value.