费孝通视野里的汉民族研究

On the Study of Han Nationality from the Perspective of Fei Xiaotong

费孝通一生的学术事业,可以概括为两个方向:农村研究和民族研究。前者从江村经济始,经过云南三村调查,接续后期的小城镇研究、乡镇企业、城乡关系和区域研究,主题是志在富民;后者由最初的大瑶山调查起,接续上世纪50年代参与民族访问团和少数民族社会历史调查、边区调查、少数民族地区考察和发表"中华民族多元一体格局"演讲,主题是民族团结。费孝通有关汉民族研究的经历和思想,基本上贯穿于整个民族研究过程中。在《中国民族学当前的任务》《中华民族多元一体格局》《简述我的民族研究经历和思考》《关于汉民族研究的一些想法》《〈盘村瑶族〉序》以及一系列有关民族研究的文章、讲话中有较集中的论述。其最重要的观点:汉族和各少数民族一起,共同构成中华民族整体;中华民族是多元一体的,多元构成一体,一体影响多元;汉族与少数民族是平等、团结,互助、亲爱的关系;汉族是中华民族历史发展的团结、凝聚的核心,也是中华民族伟大复兴的团结、凝聚的核心等。上世纪50年代集中对少数民族的调查,因其历史原因和政治的背景,当时理论准备不足,而且忽略了对汉族的关注,在取得很大成绩的同时,也留下了某些遗憾。所以学术研究要对汉族和少数民族作平行研究。

Fei Xiaotong’s academic career can be summed up in two directions:rural study and national study.The rural study started from the study of Jiang Village’s economy,to the three villages in Yunnan Province,being followed by researches of some small towns,township enterprises,the relationship between urban and rural areas and the regional studies.The purpose of those researches was to make the people richer.The national study started from the early study of“Great Yao Mountain”,following with the participation in the national visiting mission in 1950s,the social and historical research of the minorities,the investigation of frontier area,the inspection to the ethnic regions,and the speech of“the United Pattern of Diversity of the Chinese Nation”.The theme is national unity.Fei Xiaotong’s thoughts on the study of the Han nationality basically ran through the whole process of national studies,which were concentrated on the Current Task of Chinese Ethnology,the United Pattern of Diversity of the Chinese Nation,A Brief Introduction of My Experience and Thinking on National Research,Miscellaneous Thoughts on the Study of Han Nationality,the Preface of Yao Minority of Pan Village and some other articles and speech about national study.The most important point is:Han nationality and minorities constitute the whole Chinese nation together;the Chinese Nation is composed by diversity but in unity,with diverse systems in unity,but influencing each other.Han nationality and minorities have an equal,united,friendly,and intimate relation;Han nationality is the core of the historical development and the rejuvenation of Chinese Nation.Due to the historical and political background,the mass investigation of minorities in 1950s lacked theoretical preparation and ignored the concern on Han nationality.Therefore,the great achievement of the investigation is accompanied by some regret.Academic research should treat Han nationality and minorities equally.