中国大学教育体制的变迁——以北京大学本科为例

Chinese Tertiary Education System Changes: An Example of Undergraduate Program of Peking University

中国现代高等教育制度是周期性地向世界先进文化大学习,对传统体制大变革的产物,于清末洋务运动传入中国,并沿革至今。新中国成立后,曾全面学习过苏联的"专门化"模式,也探索过"去苏联化"的"教育革命",于改革开放时期走向通识教育的轨道。北京大学借鉴了哈佛等一流大学本科通识教育的理念和做法,于1999年提出了加强素质、拓宽基础、设立通选课体系的建议方案并予以实施,引导学生广泛涉猎不同的学科领域,拓宽基础知识,强化现代人所应具备的全面素质。通选课的教学宗旨,不是重在传授某种专门的知识,而是重在启发思想,培养自主学习的能力和创新素质。此后成立了"元培学院"。文章梳理了这场改革的曲折历程。

Chinese modern tertiary education system setup is an outcome of regularly learning from the world advanced culture on a large scale and reforming the traditional system. It was introduced to China in the Westernization Movement during the end of the Qing Dynasty and sustained today through inheritance and changes. Since the founding of New China,it has experienced the stages of strictly modeling after the specialized pattern of former USSR,the education revolution of de-USSRization,and finally the general and interdisciplinary studies path in the Reform and Opening-up. Drawing on the conception and practice of general and interdisciplinary pattern from Harvard University and other world first-class universities,Peking University put forward and implemented a new undergraduate talent cultivation program involving enhancing all-round quality,broadening the basic knowledge and setting up elective general study course system. Students are expected and encouraged to engage in interdisciplinary studies,enlarge their horizon and be equipped with the comprehensive cultural qualities that a modern man should possess. General study courses are intended not to study specialized subjects but to inspire students' new ideas,and develop their habit of autonomous learning and innovation. Based on this philosophy,the Yuanpei College was set up. This paper summarized the history of those reform and changes.