民法典编纂视野下我国配偶法定继承权制度的反思与重构

Reflection and Reconstruction of System of Spouses' Right to Statutory Succession in China under the Perspective of Chinese Civil Code Compilation

国外大多数国家主要通过不固定配偶的继承顺序,根据配偶参与的继承顺序的不同确定不同的应继份,以及赋予配偶先取权、用益权的方式对配偶的法定继承权进行保护。我国现行立法采取固定配偶继承顺序,同一顺序的继承人原则上均等分配的方式对配偶的法定继承权进行保护,这在某些情况下无法兼顾配偶与血亲继承人的利益,同时又弱化了配偶在家庭中的地位和作用。我国配偶法定继承权制度重构的可行做法是采取不固定配偶继承顺序的立法模式,优化配偶的法定应继份,赋予配偶先取权、用益权及选择权。

Most foreign countries protect legal succession rights of spouses by unfixing spouses’succession order,determining the portion of succession by the succession order the spouses involving and giving the preferential obtainment right,usufruct to the spouses.The existing legislation of China protects the legal succession rights of spouses by adopting the fixed order of succession to the spouses and successors of the same order equally distributing in principle.In some cases,it fails to give due consideration to the interests of spouses and heirs of the blood,and weakens the status and role of spouses in the family at the same time.Feasible practices are to adopt the legislative mode of unfixed spouses’order of succession and adjust the scope and order of statutory heirs;optimize spouses’statutory shares of succession;entitle the preferential obtainment right,usufruct and option to spouses.