出土先秦两汉文献中的避讳材料述论——兼论避讳的起源问题

On the Materials Related to the Vocabulary Taboo in the Unearthed Pre-Qin to Han Literature and the Origin of Evading Terms

甲骨文、金文、简帛等出土先秦两汉文献里有一些反映避讳心理和人名避讳的材料,它们可以用来进行文史考证。但由于秦汉时期避讳不严、传抄等原因,在利用避讳字考证时还需其他相关材料印证,进而形成完整的证据链以确证。如果找不到其他材料验证、仅有避讳字材料时,也可"大胆立论,慢慢求证"。即使不严整的"此避彼不避"之文字避讳,对文本断代也有价值。分析出土文献中的避讳材料,结合传世文献,我们认为,俗讳(畏惧、憎恶、迷信心理形成的避讳)起源于原始社会时期,敬讳(礼制、政治原因形成的避讳)萌芽于殷商,形成于西周,风行于秦汉及其以降。

The unearthed pre-Qin to Han materials containing evaded terms such as inscriptions on oracle bones,bronze, and bamboo or silk are valuable for the study of literature and history. Meanwhile, since the practice of vocabulary taboo was far from regulated in those times, usage of these type of materials requires carful cross examination with other evidences. Through a close examination of the unearthed and other existing materials containing the evaded terms, this paper concludes that suhui( 俗讳, evading certain terms by custom) happened in the primitive society already, while jinghui( 敬讳, evading certain terms for reasons of respect) occurred during the Shang Dynasty, developed in the Western Zhou period, and became popular in the Qin and Han Dynasties.