存款货币的权利归属与返还请求权——反思民法上货币“占有即所有”法则的司法运用

Deposit Money:Its Ownership and Claim for Restitution

民法上实物货币或现金货币原则上适用动产物权的法则,货币"占有即所有"仅发挥有限的推定作用。存款货币是存款人根据存款合同而对银行享有的债权,与现金货币一样发挥着记账和支付结算的功能,因此很多学者和法院将现金的"占有即所有"法则转用于存款货币,以解决存款的归属和返还问题。对我国司法实务中采用货币"占有即所有"法则解决纠纷的案件进行类型化的梳理,可归纳出借用账户、错误转账、专户存款三类案件。在这三类案型中,无一需要借助"占有即所有"法则即可解决相应的问题。借用他人账户存入资金案型中,根据账户户主与银行之间的存款合同关系,即可认定户主为存款货币权利人,原权利人不可主张物权性返还请求权。在错误转账案型中,受款人根据银行转账而没有法律根据地取得他人财产,错误付款人针对受款人享有不当得利返还请求权。在商事金融交易领域中的保证金和证券交易结算资金,根据专门账户、资金特定化来判定该存款货币的权利归属。存款货币的权属认定和返还请求权不宜作统一规定,司法实践中应就不同的存款货币纠纷案型,依各该领域的具体法则判定存款货币的权利归属及其返还请求权的相应效力。

In the field of civil law,the right of cash money applies the same principle as the real right of movables,and“possession that is all”plays only a limited role as a constructive rule.Deposit money is the obligatory right enjoyed by the creditor against the bank in accordance with the deposit contract,which also has the function of payment and settlement as cash money.Hence,many scholars and courts apply the rule of cash money,namely“possession that is all”,to deposit money to solve the problems relating the identification of the right attribution and the restitution of deposit money.A series of judicial cases in which the“possession that is all”rule is applied to settle disputes in judicial practice can be categorized into three types:lending accounts disputes,false transfer of accounts disputes and special deposit accounts disputes.The problems in all the above-mentioned types of case can be solved without applying the“possession that is all”rule.In cases where someone borrows others’accounts for depositing money,the real owner of the bank account can be taken as the obligee of deposit money.The original obligee can’t claim for restitution of property.In cases where the payer transfers money to a wrong account by mistake,he or she should have the right to claim for the return of unjust enrichment,because the beneficiary acquires others’property without legal basis.With regard to margin money and clients’securities transactions settlement funds in financial transactions,the right attribution of deposit money should be defined according to whether the account is specified or not.The right attribution and restitution of deposit money should be defined not uniformly,but by different types of disputes and the corresponding rules.