先秦文献中“大人”“小人”身份的嬗变

The Changing of Giant and Dwarf in the Pre-Qin Period Documents

《山海经》的"大人""小人"神话,承袭《国语》记载的"防风氏""僬侥氏"之说,奠定了二者在先秦文献中的生成基调。《国语·鲁语》作为春秋、战国时人对"大人""小人"诸事的言说总纲,记载着时人对二者的印象,一是"大人""小人"的身高位列两级,为长短之至;二是来自外域。同时,亦载录其诸多称名、历史迁变等,为"大人""小人"在诸种文献中身份的嬗变奠定基础。《春秋三传》以"长狄"为外域民族,在历史与神话的二元交互中,各叙其事。《庄子》《列子》以"任公子""龙伯国大人""僬侥国小人"创制寓言,阐发哲理。《楚辞》以文人的浪漫主义想象,打造"长人"意象,彰显神话仙话化倾向。

The myth of“The Giant”and“The Dwarf”in the Classic of Mountains and Rivers inherited the myth of“Fangfengshi”and“Jiaoyaoshi”recorded in Guoyu and laid the foundation for the generating keynote of the two in pre-Qin Dynasty literature.As the general outline of affairs about“the Giant”and“the Dwarf”in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,Guoyu:Luyu recorded the impressions of people of that time towards these two kinds people.The first impression of“the Giant”and“the Dwarf”was the height,which was at two extremes,either the tallest or the shortest;the second one was that they came from foreign areas.At the same time,it also recorded many names and historical changes of them,which laid the foundation for the identity evolution of“the Giant”and“the Dwarf”in various literature.The book Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn treated“Changdi”as a foreign nationality,and narrated its own story in the binary interaction of history and myth.Zhuangzi and Liezi use the names suach as“Ren Gongzi”,“The Giant in Longbo Country”,and“The Dwarf in Jiaoyao Country”as fables and elucidated philosophy to indicate these types of people.The Songs of Chu created the image of“The Giant Immortal”by literatus'romantic imagination,demonstrating the immortal tendency of mythology.