外空资源法律地位的确定问题研究

The Identification of the Lagal Status of Space Resources

美国和卢森堡在各自的"外空资源探索与利用法"中提出的"谁开采谁获得所有权"和"外空资源可以据为己有"的国家主张使国际社会面临必须解决外空资源法律地位的确定问题的紧迫性。该问题也是国家单方面确定外空资源的法律地位并主张其公民对商业开采与利用所获外空资源享有所有权和财产权是否具有正当性和合法性的先决问题。因此,外空资源法律地位的确定问题是"谁开采谁获得所有权"和"外空资源可以据为己有"的主张是否成立不能回避或绕之而行的核心问题,对其研究具有法律上的重要价值。国际空间法条约没有为"谁开采谁获得所有权"和"外空资源可以据为己有"的国家主张提供强固的法律基础,尤其是《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》没有明确外空资源的法律地位。如果根据《关于各国在月球和其他天体上活动的协定》,这类主张则完全没有法律依据,在国际空间法上的正当性和合法性并不成立。

The United States and Luxembourg have nationally claimed in their respective law on space resources(SR)exploration and use/utilization that“those who recover SR are entitled to possession and ownership”and“space resources are capable of being appropriated”.Such claims make the international community encounter the problem of the SR legal status which is necessary and pressing to resolve.The identification of the SR legal status is the prerequisite that whether it is justified and lawful for a State to ex parte establish the SR legal status and claim that its national citizens who conduct commercial recovery and commercial use of SR have ownership and property rights to SR as the result of the activities as such.Therefore,the problem of the SR legal status is the core one,which cannot be avoided or passed by when answering the question whether such claims have justification and legality,and which is of legal value for us to do research on.The international space law treaties do not provide a strong legal basis for such claims,especially the Outer Space Treaty does not unambiguously establish the SR legal status.According to the Moon Agreement,if the treaty is applicable to the SR legal status,[JP3]such claims lack any legal basis and are absent from any justification and legality under the international space law.