未雨绸缪:张之洞备荒举措及其成效探研

Taking Precautions: the Research on the Methods and Effect of Preparing for Famine Done by Zhang Zhi-dong

晚清时期,自然灾害频繁发生,光绪年间尤为严重。身处如此时代,张之洞对于备荒问题始终极为重视,尤其是执掌一方后,每到一地均针对当地特点采取了有效的应对之策,最要者主要有建仓积谷、以备饥荒,开垦荒地、均减差徭,修堤防洪、兴利除害,禁种罂粟、推广桑棉,改善交通、发展通讯等。立足于中国历史发展长河,张之洞的备荒举措,既有承自传统的,又有与时俱进的。可以说,既重视前人,又在前人基础上有所发展。这种理论结合实践所提出的备荒主张极具价值,其实践效果也颇为明显,值得肯定。但张之洞备荒举措的实施效果也并非尽如人意,追根溯源,既与具体办事人员办事不力、主政官员更迭及政策未能及时跟进紧密相关,又与传统社会中地方百姓对新事物、新方法的抵触行为密切相连。

Yongzheng's rule faced a lot of crises and challenges,such as the legitimacy of the throne were questioned,coupled with the long-standing Manchu ethnic conflicts etc.He took a series of measures to influence the people and form moral customs.He set an example so that people have a role model to follow,attached importance to the establishment of the college and widely set up the academy to vitalize education,specified the obligations of the officials and established specialized agencies to enhance the effect of policy implementation,apply rewards and punishments and enforce the law strictly to exert a dual role of incentive and standardization.Through the implementation of many political initiatives,the social ethos was improved and the sense of national identity enhanced.To some extent,the consensus of social thoughts was formed which strongly supported and maintained the social and political order,as well as consolidated the rule of the Qing Dynasty.