释《易经》中的“辐”和“輹”——兼及《左传》“车说其輹”

Interpretation of "辐" and "輹" in Yijing,and "Chetuoqifu" in Zuozhuan

《周易》小畜九三、大畜九二和大壮九四中有"辐"或"輹"字,学者多认为"輹"当是本字。根据今人对古代车舆名物的考证,若读作"輹",指伏兔的话,则大壮九四爻所说"壮于大舆之輹"的情况很不合常理。因为伏兔的位置较隐蔽,一般不易碰触到。从古代车舆形制看,以"辐"为本字更合适。"辐"当指车辐或辐条,这是古代车舆在高速、高负荷时容易脱落的部件,也是动物在奔跑中容易碰上,并被缠绕住的地方。《汉书·扬雄传》中说野兽逃跑时"触辐关輹",正可证明大壮九四爻所说的情况。

There are two words辐(spoke)and輹(two pieces of wood underneath a cart)in the third line statements of the hexagram Xiaoxu,the second line statements of Daxu and the fourth line statements of Dazhuang,most of scholars take the back one as the original character.“Zhuangyudayuzhifu”is unreasonable if輹was regarded as two pieces of wood underneath a cart.Because輹were ensconced under the wagon box,and couldn’t be touched easily.It is reasonable that辐was explained as the original charac.ter according to the structure of the ancient wagon.Because辐means spoke that may fall off when the wagon is high speed or high load,and escaping animal may be barred and even strapped by the spokes.“Chufuguandou”in Hanshu:Xiongxiong Biography can prove that the fourth line statements should describe one animal was trapped by the spokes.