完成态助词“得”在近代汉语中的分布及与助词“了”的关系

“De”(得) Auxiliary Particle of Perfect Tense:Its Distribution in Modern Chinese and Its Relationship with Auxiliary “Le”(了)

完成态助词"得"所出现的语法条件,并不是大多只出现在趋向动词或消极性动词之后,也经常出现于普通动词之后,比如在明初大量出现的"听得"表"听了"而非"听到"。除了助词"得"本身来源有动词"得"的"获得、达成"义之外,语音上与完成态助词"了"音近的因素,也促使它得以在近代汉语的完成态助词中占一席之地。而音近及"得"表完成态在语法地位上的冗余,同时又是造成其最终消亡的原因。

“De”(得)the auxiliary particle of perfect tense,in terms of grammar condition,often appears after common verbs,and in most cases,it does not merely follow directional or negative verbs,for example,in the early Ming Dynasty,“hear”(听得)meant“listen”(听了),not“notice or grasp”(听到).Besides its origin from the meaning of“acquiring or reaching”,“De”(得)the auxiliary particle phonetically shares the similar factor with“Le”(了)the auxiliary particle of perfect tense and contributes itself to seizing a position in modern Chinese language.However,the close pronunciation and similar state of grammar in perfect tense doomed its wither away.