清末民初修身科教授案的文本分析——基于20份教授案案例

Textual Analysis of Lesson Plans of the Moral Course in the End of Qing Dynasty and the Beginning of the Republic of China——Based on 20 Lesson Plan Cases

清末民初,位于各学科之首的修身科,其内容逐渐由传统向现代嬗变,方法上强调“知行合一”。而通过对20份修身科教授案的文本分析,研究发现当时教授案的教学目标未能落实学科总目标,教学内容新旧杂糅,教学方法以讲授法为主,教学评价重道德认知、轻道德实践。这反映出当时修身科的课堂教学:教师将修身课与国文课等量齐观;以道德认知作为课堂教学的核心;区分了儿童与成人的道德世界。鉴古知今,清末民初修身科教授案撰写的得失,启示着现今学校德育教学要一致性地思考、设计德育教学的课时目标、内容、实施和评价;道德教育需联通家庭、学校与社会,使学生的道德养成回归现实生活。

In the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,the moral course held the most significant position among the subject system.Its focus gradually changed from traditional contents to modern,and it emphasized the unity of knowledge and practice in teaching.Based on the textual analysis of 20 lesson plans of the moral course,this study found that:(1)teaching objectives could not achieve the general goals;(2)teaching contents mixed the classical matters and the contemporary;(3)lecture was the main approach of teaching;(4)teaching assessment focused on moral cognition rather than practice.It reflects that the moral courses(1)equated the moral lessons and Chinese lessons;(2)considered the moral cognition as the core of the classroom instruction;(3)differentiated the moral world of children and adults.From the historical perspective,the success and failure of the lesson plans designing in that period could enlighten today’s school moral subject:reflecting and designing lesson objective,content,implement and assessment consistently,bringing students’moral development back in real life through linking family,school and community.