论实践哲学的两种样式——兼论伊壁鸠鲁和马克思对哲学实践意蕴的差异化理解

Two Types of Practical Philosophy——And on the Different Understanding of Philosophical Practice Implication by Epicurus and Marx

实践哲学和理论哲学在古希腊时期就有过较为深入的学理与现实关联的探讨,而在哲学历史的演进中,会看到在以实践为研究对象意义上的实践哲学自身的发展中也始终有着两种不同的样式,即精神性的实践哲学和现实性的实践哲学。在古希腊时期,伊壁鸠鲁哲学之终极目的是使自己的哲学在对精神的教化之中,成为大众所接受的"灵魂的良药",进而借助这一思想的方式来平息当时大众的惊恐和拯救大众的灵魂以使得他们从恐惧中解脱出来,从而达到一种灵魂的无纷扰状态,这种哲学的样式是内隐或精神的;与此种哲学有着不同旨趣的哲学类型还有马克思哲学的现代样式,在马克思的理解中,哲学不仅仅滞留在精神的自我的土壤里,真实的哲学的最终目的是通过感性的历史现实活动来改变外在世界,在现实的实践活动中使得人类获得其现实的、自由的、全面的发展,这种哲学样式是外显的、现实的。事实上,马克思哲学在超越伊壁鸠鲁哲学的实践概念的同时,也指出了其哲学的实践方式是对象性的、现实性的、能动性的。

There were in-depth discussion on the correlation between the theory and reality of practical philosophy and theoretical philosophy in ancient Greek.In the evolution of philosophy history,two different types of practical philosophy which has taken practice as the research object have existed,namely,the spiritual practical philosophy and real practical philosophy.In Greek times,the ultimate purpose of Epicurus philosophy is to make his own philosophy in the spirit of enlightenment and to become"the medicine of soul"accepted by the ordinary.By the means of this thought the panic of the ordinary could be calmed and their soul could be saved.This model of philosophy is implicit or spiritual.Another type,which is opposite to the former,is the modern Marxism philosophy.In Marx忆s understanding,philosophy is not just confined to the soil of spirit.The ultimate goal of real philosophy is to change the outside world by means of sensible,historical and real activities.The practical activities in reality enable humankind to gain real,free and comprehensive development.This kind of philosophy is explicit and actual.As a matter of fact,Marxist philosophy is not only beyond the concept of practice but also points out that the practice way of philosophy is objective,practical and active.